Topic: Society and man.

Scientists believe that social life began simultaneously with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united in a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend themselves from enemies, and develop new territories. This is where the concepts of "community" and "society" come from.

The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.

AT broad sense:

Society- it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification.

In a narrow sense:

Society is a collection of people in some way.

The concept of society has many meanings:

Stage in human history

(primitive society, slave society, etc.)

(an association)

Circle of people united

common goals, interests

(sport Club)

Region, country, state

(Russia, European Society)

All mankind

(global community)

SOCIETY

Question for students.

Tell me, can a person develop outside of society?

No, only in society a person can satisfy his material and spiritual needs. And also in society between people develop public relations.

Social relations are relations that develop between members of various social groups.

Society not only arises with the advent of man, but also develops with him, and that means societyit is a dynamic system.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system .

Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the withering away of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life

Political

State and authorities state power

(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)

Spiritual

(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

Economic

(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.

Social

Interaction of various social groups, strata of the population, personality.

All societies can be divided into 3 historical type:

Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural) – people are engaged in agriculture, manual labor prevails, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.

Industrial - people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor prevails, the growth of the number of cities and urban population, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.

post-industrial - people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, dominated by Information Technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, the influence of the media.

(social mobility change in the position of a person or group in society

Interaction of society and nature

It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.

Nature- it is the natural habitat of man.

Differences between society and nature

Creates culture

It develops under the influence of human activity.

The difference between nature and society

Able to develop independently

It has its own laws that do not depend on the will and desires of a person

Human.

Human - a biosocial creature, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.

Individual is a representative of the human race, with unique natural features. (one of the people; singular)

Individuality - uniqueness, originality, richness of the inner world, features that are characteristic only of a certain person.

Personality - this is a person as a social being with his inherent features and relationships that manifest themselves in interaction with people.

Socialization is the process of becoming a person

Socialization agents

Family

Education

Professions

Social environment

State

mass media

self-education

Stages of socialization

Elementary

Intermediate (youthful age)

final

The main differences between humans and animals

Thinking and articulate speech

Conscious purposeful creative activity

Human creator of culture

The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.

Activity is a human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.

Activity structure

1. The subject of the activity (the one who carries out the activity)

2. The object of the activity (what it is directed to) or (what your attention is directed to.

The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

A person who starts any activity sets a goal.

Target - what we expect as a result of the activity.

In order to reach our goal, we need :

1 .Funds

2 .Actions

3 .Result

Motive- what motivates us to take action. (Vasya reads a newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.

Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):

Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)

Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)

Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow .

Physiological (food, breathing, movement)

Existential (safe, comfortable, confident in the future)

(1,2 - innate needs)

Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)

Prestigious (selfish) - in self-respect, success, recognition

Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)

(3-5 - acquired)

Main activities - Work, play, study.

Activities - practical, spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, cutting forests), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creative activity - aimed at creating something new.

(helps us to create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)

Labor activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a deliberately useful result.

Play or leisure activities - focused not so much on the result, but on the process itself - entertainment, relaxation.

Studies is a type of activity whose purpose is to acquire a person's knowledge, skills and abilities.

Social and interpersonal relations of a person. Communication.

Social Relations - It is a relationship between a leader and a subordinate.

Forms of social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).

Interpersonal relationships - relationship between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.

social group - a group of people identified by socially significant features.

Functions of a social group

Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)

Expressive - to satisfy social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)

Supportive - to relieve unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication - communication between people as a result of which they exchange information.

Types of communication : speech (verbal), with the help of words and sounds

non-verbal (non-verbal), with the help of facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:

Official (business)

Everyday (household)

persuasive

Ritual (the process of observing prescribed behavior)

intercultural

By content and semantic orientation:

Story

Message

Talk

Report

compliments

Opinion exchange

Interpersonal conflicts

Interpersonal conflicts - it is a clash of different points of view.

Ways to resolve conflicts

1.Dialogue-communication between people.

2. Compromise-agreement based on mutual concessions.

3. Consensus - a form of expressing agreement with the arguments of the opponent in the dispute.

Presentation "Final lesson on the topic" Social sphere"is intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for.

Target audience: for grade 11

The presentation "The final lesson on the topic" Sphere of spiritual culture "is intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different educational situations.

The presentation "The final lesson on the topic "Man and Society" is intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different educational situations.

The presentation "The final lesson on the topic" Sphere of Politics and Social Management "is intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different educational situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The presentation "The final lesson on the topic" Economics "is intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the OGE in social studies, grade 9.

The tasks of the first part of different levels are presented. The answers are presented in the presentation itself. The work can be used in different educational situations.

Target audience: for teachers

The summary and presentation "The final lesson on the topic "Man and his rights" are intended both for the current control of students' knowledge and skills on this topic, and for targeted preparation for the GIA in social studies. Tasks of parts A, B, C of different levels are presented. Answers are presented both in the abstract and in the presentation itself.The work is focused on the textbook Kravchenko A.I., but nevertheless it is universal in nature and can be used in different educational situations.

Target audience: for grade 9

The goals and objectives of the presentation are to effectively prepare 9th grade students for the GIA in social studies, to consolidate the material.
How to work with a presentation?
The presentation details one of the sections of the GIA in social studies - "The sphere of spiritual culture".
The presentation contains 23 slides. 22 slides are devoted to the topics of this section, slide 23 contains literature and Internet resources on the section.
1 slide - title slide - contains information about the author of the presentation
Slide 2 - contains a list of elements (topics) checked by the GIA tasks in this section
Slides from 3 to 22 clearly and easily explain the main terms, contain practical tasks of parts A and B from the book by P.A. Baranova "A complete guide to preparing for the GIA. AST. Astrel. M. 2013.

Target audience: for grade 9

The presentation "Law, Part 2" is intended to prepare 9th grade students for the GIA in social studies. There is methodological support for the presentation (tasks, goals, main content, test tasks, sources). In the presentation, the following nine questions of the "Right" codifier are clearly and accessible to students. Test tasks from the official demonstration versions of FIPI 2009-2012. The presentation contains a lot of illustrative material.

Topic: Society and man.
Scientists believe that social life began simultaneously with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united in a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend themselves from enemies, and develop new territories. This is where the concepts of "community" and "society" come from.
The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense:
Society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification.
Broad meaning: all of humanity as a whole:
1) part of the material world;
2) dynamic system;
3) a set of ways of interaction and association.

In a narrow sense:
Society is a collection of people in some way.
Narrow meaning:
1) a certain group of people;
2) the stage of development of society;
3) joint activities;
4) a certain country.

The concept of society has many meanings:
1. Stage in the history of mankind
3. All mankind (world community)
(primitive society, slave society, etc.)

SOCIETY

2. (association) 4. Region, country, state (Russia, European
society)
Circle of people united
common goals, interests
(sport Club)

Man can satisfy his material and spiritual needs only in society. And also in society, social relations develop between people.
Social relations are relations that develop between members of various social groups.

Society not only arises with the advent of man, but also develops with him, which means that society is a dynamic system.

A distinctive trend in the development of modern society is globalization.

Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and religious integration and unification.
Main global problems:
1) the unresolved problem of eliminating aging in people and the weak information of the society about neglect ¬zhikmom old ¬re¬nii;
2) the “North-South” problem - a gap in development between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
3) preventing a thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing peace with the community of non-sanctioned tsi-o-n-ro-van-no-go distribution of nuclear technologies, radio active pollution of the environment;
4) prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment
5) reduction of biological diversity;
6) providing mankind with resources, exhaustion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water , wood, non-ferrous metals;
7) global warming;
8) ozone holes;
9) the problem of heart-related diseases, onco-logical diseases and AIDS;
10) demo graphic development (democ graphic explosion in developing countries and demo graphic crisis in development), possible famine;
11) terrorism;
12) asteroid hazard;
13) underestimation of global threats to the existence of humanity, such as the development of unfriendly ¬th artificial intelligence and global catastrophes.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system.
Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the withering away of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life
1.Political
State and public authorities
(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)
2.Economic
(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.
3.Social
Interaction of various social groups, strata of the population, personality.
4. Spiritual
(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:
1. Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural)
– people are engaged in agriculture, manual labor prevails, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.
2. Industrial
- people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor prevails, the growth in the number of cities and urban populations, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.
3. Post-industrial
- people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, information technologies, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, and the influence of the media predominate.
(social mobility is a change in the position of a person or group in society)

Interaction of society and nature
It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.
Nature is the natural habitat of man.
Differences between society and nature
- creates culture
- develops under the influence of human activity.
The difference between nature and society:
- able to develop independently
- has its own laws, which do not depend on the will and desires of man.

Human.
Human
- a biosocial creature, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.
Individual
is a representative of the human race, with unique natural features. (one of the people; singular)
Individuality
-uniqueness, originality, richness of the inner world, features that are characteristic only of a certain person.
Personality
- this is a person as a social being with his inherent features and relationships that manifest themselves in interaction with people.
Socialization is the process of becoming a person
Socialization agents
1. Family
2. Education
3. Professions
4. Social environment
5. State
6. Media
7. Self-education
Stages of socialization
1. Initial
2. Middle (youthful age)
3. Final

The main differences between humans and animals
1. Thinking and articulate speech
2. Conscious purposeful creative activity
3. Human creator of culture
4. The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.
Activity is a human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.
Activity structure
1.Subject of activity (the one who carries out activities)
2. Object of activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.
The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

A person who starts any activity sets a goal.
The goal is what we expect as a result of the activity.

In order to reach our goal we need:
1. Funds
2. Actions
3. Result

A motive is something that motivates us to act. (Vasya reads a newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.
Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):
1. Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)
2. Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)
3. Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow.
1. Physiological (food, breathing, movement)
2. Existential (in safety, comfort, confidence in the future)
(1,2 - innate needs)
3. Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)
4. Prestigious (selfish) - in self-respect, success, recognition
5. Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)
(3-5 - acquired)

Main activities- Labor, play, teaching.

Types of activity - practical, spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, cutting forests), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creativity is about creating something new.
(helps us to create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)
Labor activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a deliberately useful result.
Gaming or leisure activities are focused not so much on the result as on the process itself - entertainment, recreation.
Learning is a type of activity whose purpose is to acquire a person's knowledge, skills and abilities.

Social and interpersonal relations of a person. Communication.
Social relations are relations between a leader and a subordinate.
Forms of social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).
interpersonal relationship - attitude between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.
Social group - a group of people identified by socially significant features.
Functions of a social group
1. Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)
2. Expressive - to meet social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)
3. Supportive - to relieve unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication is communication between people as a result of which they exchange information.
Types of communication: verbal (verbal), using words and sounds
non-verbal (non-verbal), with the help of facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:
- official (business)
- everyday (household)
- persuasive
ritual (the process of observing the prescribed behavior)
-intercultural
By content and semantic orientation:
-story
-message
-talk
-report
-compliments
-opinion exchange
Interpersonal conflicts
Interpersonal conflicts are a clash of different points of view.

Ways to resolve conflicts
1. Dialogue-communication between people.
2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.
3. Consensus - a form of expressing agreement with the arguments of the opponent in the dispute.

Social sphere
Social classes, large groups of people, differing in their place in the historically defined system of society production, according to their relation (for the most part fixed and formalized in laws) to the environment production.

Nation (from lat. natio - tribe, people) - social-economic, cultural, political and spiritual naya generality of the industrial era.

Social classes (social classes) - social communities, distinguished by relation to the property and the social division of labor.

Conditions - social-legal groups of subjects, by their legal position by any definition in a divided way from the rest of us .; at the same time, differences are transferred by inheritance.

Man and society

In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.

In a narrow sense, society -

1. A circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (for example, a numismatist society, a noble assembly.

2. A separate specific society, country, state, region (for example, modern Russian society, French society).

3. Historical stage in the development of mankind (for example, feudal society, capitalist society).

4. Humanity as a whole

Public relations- these are the diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups (or within them).

- interacting parts of society, its main components.

social norms- rules of conduct that evolved in accordance with the needs of society.

The emergence of man and the emergence of society is a single process. No individual, no society. If there is no society, there is no individual. It can be objected: Robinson Crusoe, once on a desert island, found himself out of society, but he was a man. However, those who think so forget: Robinson was able to survive only because he had knowledge, experience in various activities, in addition, he found some items from the wrecked ship. And knowledge, and labor skills, and objects - all these are products of society. Recall that not a single child who grew up among animals had knowledge, labor skills, did not know how to use objects created in human society.

AT Everyday life society is sometimes called a group of people who are part of someone's social circle; societies are also called some voluntary associations of people for some kind of activity (book lovers society, Red Cross society, etc.). In science, society is a part of the world that differs from nature. In the broadest sense of the word, this is all of humanity. It includes not only all living people. Society is understood as continuously developing. This means that it has not only a present, but also a past and a future. Generations of people who lived in the distant and very recent past did not leave without a trace. They created cities and villages, technology, various institutions. From them, people living now received language, science, art, and practical skills. If it were not so, then each generation would have to start with the invention of the stone axe.

Functions of society:

production of vital goods; systematization of production; human reproduction and socialization;

distribution of labor results; ensuring the legality of the administrative activities of the state;

structuring the political system; formation of ideology; historical transmission of culture and spiritual values

The structure of society is complex. It includes large and small groups of people. As society develops, interactions and relationships become more and more complex and diverse, not only between individuals, but also between various large and small groups of people. The relationships and interdependencies that people enter into in the course of their activities are called public relations.

All four spheres interact with each other. The basic human needs serve as the basis for delimiting the spheres of public life. A need is a state of a person created by his need for objects and actions necessary for his existence and development and acting as a source of his activity, organizing cognitive processes, imagination and behavior.

Need groups: biological: needs for food, sleep, air, warmth, etc.

social, which are generated by society and are necessary for a person to interact with other people.

spiritual: the need for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself.

Physiological: the need for food, food, respiration, movement, etc.

Existential: the need for security, comfort, confidence in the future, etc.

Social: the need for communication, for caring for others, for understanding, etc.

Prestigious: the need for self-respect, recognition, success, etc.

Spiritual: the need for self-expression, self-actualization.

It means that:

This system, changing, retains its essence and qualitative certainty.

Society as a dynamic system changes its forms, develops

The connection of all spheres of society's life follows from the integrity of society as a system

Super complex system

Multilevel (each individual is included in different subsystems)

Highly organized, self-managing system (the control subsystem is especially important)

traditional society is a concept denoting a set of societies, social structures, standing at different stages of development and not possessing a mature industrial complex. The defining production sphere of such societies is agriculture. The main public institutions are the church and the army.

industrial society- a society characterized by a developed and complex system of division of labor with a high degree of specialization, mass production of goods, automation of production and management, widespread innovation in production and people's lives. defining production area industrial society is industry.

post-industrial society- a society in whose economy, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution and a significant increase in the income of the population, there was a transition from the predominant production of goods to the production of services. Information and knowledge become a production resource. Scientific developments are the main driving force of the economy.

Man and society

Nature in the broad sense of the word is the whole world in all its infinity of forms and manifestations. In the narrow sense of the word, this is the entire material world, with the exception of society, i.e. the totality of the natural conditions for the existence of human society. The concept of "nature" is used to denote not only the natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man - the "second nature", to some extent transformed and formed by man.

Society as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life is inextricably linked with it. This relationship looks like this: people who are endowed with consciousness and have goals act in society, while blind, unconscious forces act in nature.

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties, but also social ones.

Society has come into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing but nature itself; 2) it purposefully influences nature with the help of tools, changing it.

At first, the contradiction between society and nature acted as their difference, since man still had primitive tools of labor, with the help of which he earned his livelihood. However, in those distant times, there was no longer a complete dependence of man on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society exerted an increasing influence on nature. A person cannot do without nature also because the technical means that make life easier for him are created by analogy with natural processes.

As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, improving it somewhere, and worsening it somewhere. But nature, in turn, began to “worse” the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health of large masses of people, etc. Society, as a separate part of nature, and nature itself exert a significant influence on each other. At the same time, they retain specific features that allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. This close relationship between nature and society is the basis of the unity of the world.

So, man, society and nature are interconnected. Man simultaneously lives in nature and in society, is a biological and social being. In social science, nature is understood as the natural environment of a person. It can be called the biosphere or the active shell of the Earth, which creates and protects life on our planet. Industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century led to a violation of the natural habitat of man, to the brewing of a conflict between human society and nature - an ecological crisis. AT modern world in 15 years, as many natural resources are consumed as have been used by mankind for all its previous existence. As a result, the area of forests and land suitable for agriculture is declining. Climatic changes are taking place, which can lead to a deterioration in living conditions on the planet. Environmental changes adversely affect human health. New diseases appear, the carriers of which (germs, viruses and fungi) become more dangerous due to the growth of population density and the weakening of the human immune system. Decreased animal diversity and flora, and this threatens the stability of the earth's shell - the biosphere. About 1 billion tons of reference fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons are emitted into the atmosphere harmful substances, soot, ash, dust. Soils and waters are littered with industrial and domestic effluents, oil products, mineral fertilizers, and radioactive waste. Nature, too, has always influenced human life. Climate and geographical conditions are all significant factors that determine the development path of a particular region. People living in different natural conditions will differ in their character and way of life.

The main areas of society

Society can be divided into four areas or spheres.

The economic sphere is in many respects defining in relation to other spheres. It includes industrial and agricultural production, the relationship of people in the production process, the exchange of products of production activity, their distribution.

The social sphere includes layers and classes, class relations, nations and national relations, the family, family and domestic relations, educational institutions, medical care, and leisure.

The political sphere of the life of society includes state power, political parties, relations of people associated with the use of power to realize the interests of certain social groups.

The spiritual sphere covers science, morality, religion, art, scientific institutions, religious organizations, cultural institutions, and the corresponding activities of people.

So, we have identified four main areas of modern society. They are closely related and influence each other. For example, if the country's economy does not fulfill its tasks, does not provide the population enough goods and services, does not expand the number of jobs, then the standard of living drops sharply, there is not enough money to pay wages and pensions, unemployment appears, and crime grows. In other words, success in one, economic, area affects well-being in another, social. The economy also influences politics. When the economic reforms in Russia in the early 1990s led to a sharp stratification of the population, i.e. With the emergence of very rich people at one extreme and very poor people at the other, political parties oriented towards communist ideology became more active.

1.4. Biological and social in man

(Baranov P.A. Social science: Express tutor for preparing for the exam: "Man." "Knowledge" / P.A. Baranov, -M: ACT: Astrel, 2009. S. 15 - 17)

Man is the highest stage in the development of living organisms on Earth. Man is essentially a biosocial being. It is part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society. Biological and social in man are merged into one, and only in such unity does he exist. The biological nature of man is his natural prerequisite, the condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of man. The biological nature of man is manifested in his anatomy, physiology; it has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. Its biological properties are not rigidly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to various conditions of existence. Man as a social being is inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc.

The main differences between humans and animals

 The person is capable of thinking and articulate speech

 A person is capable of conscious purposeful creative activity.

 A person in the process of his activity transforms the surrounding reality, creates the necessary material and spiritual benefits and values.

 A person is able to make tools and use them as a means of producing material goods.

 Man reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence, and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs.

Personality is understood as a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society. Personality is a product of social development and the inclusion of individuals in the system of social relations through active objective activity and communication. The behavior of an individual as a person essentially depends on his relationship with the people around him.

Adolescence is a stage of personality development that usually begins at 11-12 and continues until 16-17 years - the period when a person enters "adulthood".

This age is a period of growing up, characterized by intense psychological and physical changes, rapid physiological restructuring of the body. A teenager begins to grow rapidly - growth rates can only be compared with the intrauterine period and the age from birth to 2 years. Moreover, the growth of the skeleton is faster than the development of muscle tissue, hence the awkwardness, disproportion, and angularity of the figure. Dramatically increases the volume of the heart and lungs, the depth of breathing to provide the growing organism with oxygen. Characteristic are also significant fluctuations in blood pressure, often upward, frequent headaches.

There is a serious hormonal restructuring, puberty. In girls, the amount of estrogen increases, in boys - testosterone. In both sexes, there is an increase in the level of adrenal androgens, causing the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Hormonal changes cause sudden mood swings, increased, unstable emotionality, mood uncontrollability, increased excitability, impulsivity.

In some cases, symptoms such as depression, restlessness and poor concentration, irritability appear. The teenager may develop anxiety, aggression and problem behavior. This can be expressed in conflict relations with adults. Risk-taking and aggression are self-affirmation techniques. Unfortunately, the consequence of this may be an increase in the number of juvenile delinquents.

Study ceases to be the main and most important task. According to psychologists, personal communication with peers becomes the leading activity at this age. The productivity of mental activity decreases due to the formation of abstract, theoretical thinking, that is, concrete thinking is replaced by logical thinking. It is the new mechanism of logical thinking for the teenager that explains the growth of criticality. He no longer accepts the postulates of adults on faith, he requires proof and justification.

At this time, the life self-determination of a teenager takes place, plans for the future are formed. There is an active search for one's "I" and experimentation in various social roles. A teenager changes himself, tries to understand himself and his abilities. The demands and expectations placed on him by other people change. He is forced to constantly adjust, adapt to new conditions and situations, but this does not always happen successfully.

A strong desire to understand oneself (self-knowledge) is often detrimental to the development of relationships with outside world. The internal crisis of self-esteem of a teenager arises in connection with the expansion and growth of opportunities, on the one hand, and the preservation of the children's school status, on the other.

Many psychological problems arise: self-doubt, instability, inadequate self-esteem, most often underestimated.

In the same period, the formation of the worldview takes place. young man. It sometimes goes through the rejection of values, active rejection and violation of established rules, negativism, the search for oneself and one's place among others. A teenager experiences an internal conflict: emerging adult worldview issues create a feeling of global insolubility. Minors often believe in the uniqueness of their own problems and experiences, which gives rise to a feeling of loneliness and depression.

Characterized by the desire for leadership in a group of peers. Of great importance is the adolescent's sense of belonging to a special "adolescent" community, the values of which are the basis for their own moral assessments. The teenager strives to follow the fashion and ideals accepted in the youth group. Mass media have a huge influence on their formation. This age is characterized by the desire to recognize their own merits in their significant teenage environment. An urgent need for recognition and self-affirmation comes to the fore. The world around breaks up into “us” and “them”, and the relationship between these groups in the view of adolescents is sometimes sharply antagonistic.

Psychologists note that the contradiction of adolescence often lies in the fact that the child seeks to obtain the status of adults and adult opportunities, but is in no hurry to assume the responsibility of adults, avoids it. A teenager often refuses to accept the assessments and life experiences of his parents, even if he understands their correctness. He wants to get his own unique and inimitable experience, make his mistakes and learn from them.

Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring a person to have high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, attention, memory, thinking, emotional stability. The structure of activity is usually presented in a linear form, where each component follows the other in time: Need -> Motive -> Purpose -> Means -> Action -> Result

Need- this is a need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for a normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, an awareness of this need and its nature is necessary. A motive is a need-based, conscious motivation that justifies and justifies an activity. The need will become a motive if it is realized not just as a need, but as a guide to action.

In the process of forming a motive, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Target- this is a conscious idea of the result of activity, anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. the ability to set goals independently. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. Man is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never been in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in animal activity, it is not an activity. Moreover, if the animal never presents the results of its activity in advance, then the person, starting the activity, keeps in mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

However, the goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps to achieve it. For example, to plant a tree, you need to purchase a seedling, find a suitable place, take a shovel, dig a hole, place the seedling in it, water it, etc. Ideas about intermediate results are called tasks. Thus, the goal is broken down into specific tasks: if all these tasks are solved, then the overall goal will be achieved.

Funds- these are techniques used in the course of activity, methods of action, objects, etc. For example, to learn social science, you need lectures, textbooks, assignments. To be a good specialist, you need to get a professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in your work, etc.

The means must match the ends in two senses. First, the means must be proportionate to the end. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, one cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; it is also pointless to buy materials several times more than you need to build it.

Action- an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity is made up of individual actions. For example, teaching activity consists of preparing and giving lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills, the result of labor - goods, the result scientific activity- ideas and inventions. The result of activity can be the person himself, because in the course of activity he develops and changes.

The types of activities in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development: play, communication, teaching, work.

A game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation.

Characteristic features of the game: takes place in a conditional situation, which, as a rule, changes rapidly; in its process, so-called substitute objects are used; is aimed at satisfying the interest of its participants; contributes to the development of personality, enriches it, equips it with the necessary skills.

Communication is an activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged. It is often expanded to include the exchange of material items. This broader exchange is communication [material or spiritual (informational)].

Doctrine is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Teaching can be organized (carried out in educational institutions) and unorganized (carried out in other activities as their side, additional result).

Teaching can acquire the character of self-education.

Work is a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Characteristic features of labor: expediency; focus on achieving the programmed, expected results; availability of skills, abilities, knowledge; practical usefulness; getting a result; personal development; transformation of the human environment.

In each type of activity, specific goals, tasks are set, a special arsenal of means, operations and methods is used to achieve the set goals. At the same time, none of the types of activity exists outside of interaction with each other, which determines the systemic nature of all spheres of public life.

The behavior of an individual as a person essentially depends on his relationship with the people around him. Such relationships with one person, group (large or small) are called interpersonal relationships. They can be classified according to various bases.

1. Official and unofficial. Relations that develop between people by virtue of their official position are called official (for example, a teacher - a student, a school principal - a teacher, the President of the Russian Federation - the head of the Government of the Russian Federation, etc.). Such relations are built on the basis of officially approved rules and norms (for example, on the basis of the Charter educational institution, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc.), in compliance with any formalities. Relationships that arise between people in connection with their joint work can also be called business.

2. Informal relationships (often referred to as personal relationships) are not governed by the rule of law; there is no appropriate legal basis for them. They develop between people regardless of the work performed and are not limited by established formal rules.

Interpersonal relationships are based on certain feelings of people, their attitude towards another person. Feelings fluctuate between two poles - sympathy (internal disposition, attractiveness of a person) and antipathy (internal dissatisfaction with a person, dissatisfaction with his behavior). A person perceives another person primarily on the basis of appearance, and then, adding up his impressions of his words, deeds and character traits, forms a general impression of him. Consequently, the basis of the perception of any personality is the relationship of character, behavior and appearance of a person.

Psychologists identify several factors that interfere with the correct perception and evaluation of people. These include:

inability to distinguish between the intentions and motives of people's actions;

inability to understand the state of affairs and the well-being of people at the time of observing them;

the presence of predetermined attitudes, assessments, beliefs that a person has long before the first meeting (for example: “What can he tell me that I don’t know? ..”);

the presence of stereotypes, according to which all people belong to a certain category in advance (for example: “All boys are rude”, “All girls cannot keep their mouths shut”);

the desire to make premature conclusions about a person's personality long before sufficient and comprehensive information is obtained about him;

lack of desire and habit to listen to the opinions of other people, the desire to rely only on their own opinion.

Normal relations between people develop in the presence of a desire and need to sympathize, empathize with other people, put oneself in the position of another person.

Interpersonal relationships are relationships that develop between individuals. They are often accompanied by experiences of emotions, express the inner world of a person.

Interpersonal relations are divided into the following types: Official and informal; Business and personal; Rational and emotional; Subordination and parity.

The broadest form of interpersonal relationships is acquaintance. Under certain conditions, acquaintance develops into closer interpersonal relationships - friendship and love. Friendship can be called positive interpersonal relationships based on mutual openness, complete trust, common interests, devotion of people to each other, constant readiness to help each other at any time.

Love is the highest spiritual feeling of a person, rich in a variety of emotional experiences, based on noble feelings and high morality, accompanied by a willingness to do everything possible for the well-being of a loved one.

The psychology and behavior of an individual as a person essentially depend on the social environment in which people are united in numerous, diverse, more or less stable compounds called groups. They are divided into large (state, nation, party, class, etc.) and small groups. A person always depends primarily on the influence of a small group, which is a small association of people - from 2-3 (for example, a family) to 20-30 (for example, a school class), engaged in some common business and in direct relationship with each other. friend. Such small groups represent the elementary cell of society, it is in them that a person spends most of his life.

The participants of a small group are characterized by common goals, tasks of activity, psychological and behavioral characteristics. The measure of psychological community determines the cohesion of the group.

On the basis of joint activities, the following types of small groups are distinguished: production, family, educational, sports, etc.

By the nature of the relationship between members of the group, they are divided into formal (official) and informal (informal). Formal groups are created and exist only within the framework of officially recognized organizations (for example, a school class, the Spartak sports team, etc.). Informal groups usually arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members, and may coincide or diverge from the goals of official organizations. These include, for example, a poetic circle, a club of lovers of bard songs, an organization of fans of a football club, etc.

One and the same person is simultaneously a member of indefinitely many small groups, and in each of them his position (status) changes. For example, the same person is the younger brother, the student in the class, the captain of the football team, the bass player in the rock band, and so on.

The group always has a significant impact on the psychology and behavior of a person through his relationship with the rest of the group members. And this influence can be both positive and negative. The positive impact on a person of a small group is that:

relations between people that develop in groups teach a person to comply with existing social norms, they carry value orientations that are assimilated by a person;

the group is the place where a person works out his communication skills;

from the members of the group, a person receives information that allows him to correctly perceive and evaluate himself, preserve and strengthen everything positive in his personality, get rid of the negative and shortcomings;

the group gives a person self-confidence, supplies him with a system of positive emotions necessary for his development.

For normal psychological development, a person must have the most objective knowledge about himself. Otherwise, as from other people, in the process of direct communication with them, he cannot receive this knowledge. The group and its constituent people are a kind of mirrors for the individual, in which the human "I" is reflected. The accuracy and depth of reflection of a personality in a group directly depend on the openness, intensity and versatility of communication of a given personality with other members of the group. For the development of the individual as a personality, the group seems indispensable, especially if the group is a close-knit, highly developed team.

In addition to the positive impact, the group can also have a negative impact on the individual. This happens, for example, when the goals of the group are achieved by infringing on the interests of its individual members to the detriment of the interests of the whole society. In psychology, this is called group egoism.

Another possible negative consequence of group influence may be the impact that usually occurs on gifted creative individuals. The well-known scientist V.M. Bekhterev, having conducted a series of individual and group experiments in which the indicators were compared creative work group and individual, found out that in creativity the group can be inferior to especially gifted individuals. Their original ideas were rejected by the majority because they were incomprehensible, and such individuals, being under strong psychological pressure majority, are restrained, suppressed in their development. History of Russia in the XX century. I knew many examples when outstanding composers, artists, scientists, writers were excluded from trade unions and even persecuted.

Sometimes a person, in order to stay in a group, goes to an internal conflict and behaves conformally, becomes a conformist. Conformal is the behavior of a person in which he, consciously disagreeing with other people, nevertheless agrees with them, based on some considerations.

There are three ways in which an individual can respond to group pressure. The first is suggestibility, when a person unconsciously accepts a line of behavior, the opinion of a group. The second is conformism, i.e. conscious external agreement with internal disagreement with the opinion of the group. The third way to respond to the group's demand is conscious agreement with the opinion of the group, acceptance and active upholding of its values, norms and ideals.

Forms of communication: interpersonal, intergroup, intersocial, between an individual and society, between a group and society.

Interpersonal conflicts (Latin confictus - clash) is a clash of opposing interests, views, aspirations, a serious disagreement, a sharp dispute between individuals in the process of their social and psychological interaction. The causes of such conflicts are both social and psychological differences. They occur due to misunderstanding between people, loss and distortion of information in the process of interaction between people, differences in the ways of assessing each other's activities and personality, psychological incompatibility, etc. Psychological incompatibility is understood as an unsuccessful combination of temperaments and characters of interacting persons, a contradiction in life values, ideals, motives, goals of activity, a mismatch of worldview, ideological attitudes, etc.

The subject of the conflict
Phases of the conflict:

Conflict Resolution- the decision of the parties to the conflict to reconcile and end the confrontation. The conflict is considered settled if the parties managed to agree (friends reconciled). When reconciliation is not possible, it is an unresolved conflict. Conflicts are inevitable in human society. Therefore, an important skill of every person living in society is the ability to seek and find a way out of conflicts.

In conflicts, as a rule, one of the participants evaluates the behavior of the other as unacceptable. The causes of conflicts can also be insufficient psychological stability, an overestimated or underestimated level of claims, a choleric type of temperament, etc.

In adolescents, the causes of conflicts can be a heightened sense of self-esteem, maximalism, categorical and unambiguous moral criteria, assessment of facts, events, and their behavior.

Successful conflict resolution requires:

Accept the installation of resolving the conflict to a mutually beneficial agreement.

Correct your behavior in relation to your opponent: try to control your emotions, listen to a different point of view, identify the true goals, needs, needs of the opponent.

Try to find common ground in your position and your opponent's.

Preparing and conducting settlement negotiations conflict situation. In case of need - the invitation of the intermediary.

There are 2 negotiation models:

The model of "mutual benefits", when they try to find such solutions to the problem that fully satisfy the interests of both parties;

Model of "concessions - rapprochement".

Favorable is the organization of joint activities at all stages of conflict resolution, the involvement of a partner in the joint process of searching for possible options for resolving the conflict.

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Man and society

1.1. Society as a form of human life

In a narrow sense, society

1. A circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (for example, a numismatist society, a noble assembly.

2. A separate specific society, country, state, region (for example, modern Russian society, French society).

3. Historical stage in the development of mankind (for example, feudal society, capitalist society).

4. Humanity as a whole

Public relations- these are the diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups (or within them).

Spheres (areas) of society- interacting parts of society, its main components.

social norms- rules of conduct that evolved in accordance with the needs of society.

In everyday life, a society is sometimes referred to as a group of people who are part of someone's social circle; societies are also called some voluntary associations of people for some kind of activity (book lovers society, Red Cross society, etc.). In science, society is a part of the world that differs from nature. In the broadest sense of the word, this is all of humanity. It includes not only all living people. Society is understood as continuously developing. This means that it has not only a present, but also a past and a future. Generations of people who lived in the distant and very recent past did not leave without a trace. They created cities and villages, technology, various institutions. From them, people living now received language, science, art, and practical skills. If it were not so, then each generation would have to start with the invention of the stone axe.

Functions of society:

production of vital goods; systematization of production; human reproduction and socialization;

distribution of labor results; ensuring the legality of the administrative activities of the state;

structuring the political system; formation of ideology; historical transmission of culture and spiritual values

The main areas of society.

Need groups: biological: needs for food, sleep, air, warmth, etc.

social, which are generated by society and are necessary for a person to interact with other people.

spiritual: the need for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself.

Need groups according to A. Maslow:

Physiological: the need for food, food, respiration, movement, etc.

Existential: the need for security, comfort, confidence in the future, etc.

Social: the need for communication, for caring for others, for understanding, etc.

Prestigious: the need for self-respect, recognition, success, etc.

Spiritual: the need for self-expression, self-actualization.

Society is a dynamic system.

It means that:

This system, changing, retains its essence and qualitative certainty.

Society as a dynamic system changes its forms, develops

The connection of all spheres of society's life follows from the integrity of society as a system

Super complex system

Multilevel (each individual is included in different subsystems)

Highly organized, self-managing system (the control subsystem is especially important)

Types of societies (traditional, industrial, post-industrial)

traditional societyis a concept denoting a set of societies, social structures, standing at different stages of development and not possessing a mature industrial complex. The defining production sphere of such societies is agriculture. The main public institutions are the church and the army.

industrial society- a society characterized by a developed and complex system of division of labor with a high degree of specialization, mass production of goods, automation of production and management, widespread innovation in production and people's lives. Industry is the defining production sphere of an industrial society.

Man and society

1.2. Interaction of society and nature

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties, but also social ones.

Society has come into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing but nature itself; 2) it purposefully influences nature with the help of tools, changing it.

So, man, society and nature are interconnected. Man simultaneously lives in nature and in society, is a biological and social being. In social science, nature is understood as the natural environment of a person. It can be called the biosphere or the active shell of the Earth, which creates and protects life on our planet. Industrialization and the scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century led to a violation of the natural habitat of man, to the brewing of a conflict between human society and nature - an ecological crisis. In the modern world, in 15 years, as many natural resources are consumed as have been used by mankind for all its previous existence. As a result, the area of forests and land suitable for agriculture is declining. Climatic changes are taking place, which can lead to a deterioration in living conditions on the planet. Environmental changes adversely affect human health. New diseases appear, the carriers of which (germs, viruses and fungi) become more dangerous due to the growth of population density and the weakening of the human immune system. The diversity of the animal and plant world is decreasing, and this threatens the stability of the earth's shell - the biosphere. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of harmful substances, soot, ash, and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are littered with industrial and domestic effluents, oil products, mineral fertilizers, and radioactive waste. Nature, too, has always influenced human life. Climate and geographical conditions are all significant factors that determine the development path of a particular region. People living in different natural conditions will differ in their character and way of life.

1.3. The main spheres of public life, their relationship

The main areas of society

Society can be divided into four areas or spheres.

The social sphere includes layers and classes, class relations, nations and national relations, the family, family and domestic relations, educational institutions, medical care, and leisure.

The political sphere of the life of society includes state power, political parties, relations of people associated with the use of power to realize the interests of certain social groups.

The spiritual sphere covers science, morality, religion, art, scientific institutions, religious organizations, cultural institutions, and the corresponding activities of people.

So, we have identified four main areas of modern society. They are closely related and influence each other. For example, if the country's economy does not fulfill its tasks, does not provide the population with a sufficient amount of goods and services, does not expand the number of jobs, then the standard of living drops sharply, there is not enough money to pay salaries and pensions, unemployment appears, and crime grows. In other words, success in one, economic, area affects well-being in another, social. The economy also influences politics. When the economic reforms in Russia in the early 1990s led to a sharp stratification of the population, i.e. With the emergence of very rich people at one extreme and very poor people at the other, political parties oriented towards communist ideology became more active.

1.4. Biological and social in man

(Baranov P.A. Social science: Express tutor for preparing for the exam: "Man." "Knowledge" / P.A. Baranov, -M: ACT: Astrel, 2009. S. 15 - 17)

The main differences between humans and animals

A person has thinking and articulate speech

A person is capable of conscious purposeful creative activity.

A person in the process of his activity transforms the surrounding reality, creates the necessary material and spiritual benefits and values.

Man is able to make tools and use them as a means of producing material goods.

A person reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence, and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs.

1.5. Personality. Features of adolescence

Adolescence is a stage of personality development that usually begins at 11-12 and continues until 16-17 years - the period when a person enters "adulthood".

A strong desire to understand oneself (self-knowledge) often harms the development of relations with the outside world. The internal crisis of self-esteem of a teenager arises in connection with the expansion and growth of opportunities, on the one hand, and the preservation of the children's school status, on the other.

Many psychological problems arise: self-doubt, instability, inadequate self-esteem, most often underestimated.

In the same period, the formation of the worldview of a young man takes place. It sometimes goes through the rejection of values, active rejection and violation of established rules, negativism, the search for oneself and one's place among others. A teenager experiences an internal conflict: emerging adult worldview issues create a feeling of global insolubility. Minors often believe in the uniqueness of their own problems and experiences, which gives rise to a feeling of loneliness and depression.

1.6. Human activity and its main forms (labor, play, teaching)

Activity - active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring a person to have high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, attention, memory, thinking, emotional stability. The structure of activity is usually presented in a linear form, where each component follows the other in time: Need -> Motive -> Purpose -> Means -> Action -> Result

Need - this is a need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for a normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, an awareness of this need and its nature is necessary. A motive is a need-based, conscious motivation that justifies and justifies an activity. The need will become a motive if it is realized not just as a need, but as a guide to action.

In the process of forming a motive, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Target - this is a conscious idea of the result of activity, anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. the ability to set goals independently. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. Man is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never been in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in animal activity, it is not an activity. Moreover, if the animal never presents the results of its activity in advance, then the person, starting the activity, keeps in mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

Funds - these are techniques used in the course of activity, methods of action, objects, etc. For example, to learn social science, you need lectures, textbooks, assignments. To be a good specialist, you need to get a professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in your work, etc.

Action - an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity is made up of individual actions. For example, teaching activity consists of preparing and giving lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

Result - this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills, the result of labor - goods, the result of scientific activity - ideas and inventions. The result of activity can be the person himself, because in the course of activity he develops and changes.

The types of activities in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development: play, communication, teaching, work.

A game - this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation.

Doctrine is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Teaching can be organized (carried out in educational institutions) and unorganized (carried out in other activities as their side, additional result).

Teaching can acquire the character of self-education.

Work is a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

1.7. Man and his immediate environment. Interpersonal relationships. Communication

1. Official and unofficial. Relations that develop between people by virtue of their official position are called official (for example, a teacher - a student, a school principal - a teacher, the President of the Russian Federation - the head of the Government of the Russian Federation, etc.). Such relations are built on the basis of officially approved rules and norms (for example, on the basis of the Charter of an educational institution, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc.), with the observance of any formalities. Relationships that arise between people in connection with their joint work can also be called business.