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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY"

(NRU "BelSU")

Department of "World Economy"

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Economic theory"

on the topic: The role of information and information technology

in the modern economy

Completed by a student

Semicheva Anastasia Yurievna

groups 101006

Supervisor:

Senior Lecturer

Logvinenko Elena Alexandrovna

BELGOROD 2011

COURSE PLAN

Students: Semicheva Anastasia Yurievna

1 Theme of the course work: The role of information and information technology in the modern economy

2 Course work plan

Introduction p.3

Chapter 1 The Essence of Information and Information Technology

1.1 Information as an economic resource p. 5

1.2 The concept of information technology in the economy p. 7

1.3 Importance of information and information technologies in the economy p. nine

Chapter 2 Modern information technologies: features and

directions of development.

2.1 Classification of information technologies (IT) in economics p.13

2.2 Implementation of IT in the economy p.15

Chapter 3 Features of the development of information technologies in the Russian economy

3.1 Development of the IT industry in Russia p.21

3.2 Information technologies in the field of public services p.24

3.3 Problems of information technology development and ways to solve them p.26

3.4 Directions for the development of international cooperation in the field of information technology p.29

Conclusion p.31

References p.33

Applications

Student _______________ (signature)

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the history of the development of human civilization, material objects have remained the main subject of labor. The economic power of the state was measured by its material resources. Currently, the situation is changing, information resources are being added. Humanity has entered a new stage of its development. Modern society is commonly referred to as information society. This is an indicator of the importance of information in our era, its new role and new opportunities.

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that today information occupies a special position in the economy. Information is one of the main, decisive factors that determines the development of technology and resources in general. The use of electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activities in the economic sphere. At present, the dissemination of information in the information sector of the economy cannot be imagined without the use of new information technologies. Without them, the economy of both individual enterprises and the whole state will remain among the lagging behind. The information economy has changed many aspects of economic reality, including the function of money, which gradually turned from a universal equivalent of labor costs into a means of calculation. Virtual banks and payment systems are the fruit of the development of information technology. In the economy and business, information technologies are used to process, sort and aggregate data, to organize the interaction of participants in the process and computer technology, to meet information needs, for operational communication.

Thus, the development of computer technology, information and communication technologies, the creation and distribution of the global Internet, indeed, open up unprecedented opportunities for using information.

The overall goal of the work is to determine the significance of the development of information technology (IT).

The object of research is information and information technology . At the same time, the subject of the study is to identify the role of information and IT in the country's economy.

To achieve the goals set, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

– to study the essence of information and IT;

- consider the types of information technology;

- to determine the current state and prospects for the development of information technologies in the economy;

- to identify the problems of development of information technologies and prospects for the development of IT;

- draw conclusions on the work done.

This course work is based on the works of various authors on the development of IT, legislative acts of the Russian Federation, government decrees, periodicals and electronic resources.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.

CHAPTER 1. ESSENCE OF INFORMATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

1.1 INFORMATION AS AN ECONOMIC RESOURCE

Economists consider information as information in the field of the economy that must be recorded, transmitted, stored and processed for use in managing both the economy of the country as a whole and its individual objects. Information allows you to get a decision on how to organize the production of goods and services more efficiently and cost-effectively. Economic information is directly related to the management of groups of people, the production, distribution and consumption of material goods and services. It includes information about the composition of labor, material and financial resources and the state of control objects on certain moment(Appendix 1). Information acquires the features of an economic good and circulates in the economy as a resource used in the process economic activity, and also as a product (information goods, services.) With the help of information products, the consumer has the opportunity to satisfy the need for new information and knowledge, as well as various aesthetic needs. Information goods and services include software, databases, educational services, and consulting. In the process of creating information goods, the main means of production is intelligence, which is the ability of a person to create new knowledge. As a result of intellectual activity, a unique product is created that brings income to its creator in the process of replication (distribution of material carriers with created information) or materialization in goods, means of production, technologies.

For the first time, a fairly clear definition of the concept of "information resources" was formulated in the Federal Law "On information, informatization and information protection" . This law provides the following definition: "Information resources - individual documents and individual arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, other information systems)". Documents and arrays of information referred to in this law do not exist by themselves. They represent in different forms the knowledge possessed by the people who created them. As an economic resource, information has a number of features that distinguish it from traditional factors of production - land ( natural resources), labor, capital. We note the main ones that radically distinguish information from other products.

1) Information does not disappear when consumed, but can be used repeatedly. An information product retains the information it contains, no matter how many times it has been used.

2) The information product is subject to a kind of "obsolescence" over time. Although information does not wear out with use, it can lose its value as the knowledge it provides is no longer relevant.

3) Different consumers of information goods and services are comfortable with different ways of providing information, because the consumption of an information product requires effort. This manifests such a property of information as addressing it to a specific group of consumers.

4) The production of information, in contrast to the production of material goods, requires significant costs compared to the costs of replication. Copying this or that information product costs, as a rule, much cheaper than its production. This property of the information product - the difficulty of production and the relative ease of replication - creates, in particular, many problems in connection with the definition of property rights within the scope of information activity.

Information as an economic resource is used in various directions. Among the main areas, the following should be highlighted:

- commercialization of information in goods, services, technologies (creation of science-intensive products, intellectual goods, information services, development of new production and management technologies, etc.);

– impact on subjective perceptions and expectations of economic entities. Examples include creating an information image of a product, a company (reputation), creating needs or influencing them.

Thus, information from economic point vision is a strategic resource, one of the main resources for increasing the productivity of an enterprise. Information is the basis of an entrepreneur's maneuver with matter and energy, since it is information that allows you to set the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise and use the opportunities that open up; make informed and timely management decisions; coordinate the actions of various departments, directing their efforts to achieve common goals.

Information has real value due to its structure. The existence of a number of properties of information, similar to the properties of traditional resources, gave reason to use many economic characteristics (price, cost, costs, profit, etc.) in the analysis of information production. As an economic resource, information is intended for exchange, is available in limited quantities, and effective demand is presented for it.

The value, or usefulness, of information lies in the ability to give additional freedom of action to the consumer. Information expands the set of possible alternatives and helps to correctly assess their consequences. Information resources are the product of the information system, since the information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve the goal.

1.2 THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ECONOMY

Any enterprise, firm, organization in the process of economic activity has to constantly deal with large information flows: international, economic, political, competitive, technological, market, social, etc. At the same time, from the multitude of information flows, it is necessary to select what corresponds to the set goals. Qualitative information makes the actions of specialists in various fields of the economy purposeful and effective. In the current environment, the role of information technology (IT) is becoming increasingly important.

Information technology should be understood as a system of methods and ways of collecting, accumulating, storing, searching, processing, analyzing, issuing data, information and knowledge based on the use of hardware and software in accordance with the requirements of users.

The purpose of using information technology is to reduce the complexity of using information resources. The tasks of information technology include:

Collection of data or primary information;

Data processing and obtaining information results;

Transferring the results of information to the user for making decisions based on it.

Information technology (IT) contains a set of methods and ways of collecting, accumulating, storing, searching and processing information based on the use of computer technology (Appendix 2). It should be remembered that modern information technologies can form integrated systems that include the processing of various types of information. There is a difference between the concepts of "information system" and "information technology".

Depending on the type of information being processed, information technology can be focused on:

Data processing (eg database management systems, spreadsheets, algorithmic languages, programming systems, etc.);

Processing of textual information (for example, word processors, hypertext systems, etc.);

Graphics processing (for example, tools for working with raster graphics, tools for working with vector graphics);

Processing of animation, video image, sound (toolkit for creating multimedia applications);

Knowledge processing (expert systems).

1.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND IT IN THE ECONOMY

informatization process modern society is so stormy that it is impossible to name a single sphere of human activity that it would not have affected in the most serious way. The transition from an industrial society to an information society forces us to take a completely new approach to solving problems in various industries. Including, perhaps, first of all, this applies to everything connected with the modern economy.

The greatest growth in the volume of information is observed in industry, trade, financial and banking, marketing and the provision of various services. Information is one of the main, decisive factors that determines the development of technology and resources in general. In this regard, it is very important to understand not only the relationship between the development of the information industry, computerization, information technology and the informatization process, but also to determine the level and degree of influence of the informatization process on the sphere of management and intellectual activity of a person. Information as an element of control and the subject of managerial work should provide a qualitative understanding of the tasks and the state of the managed and control systems and ensure the development of ideal models of their desired state.

At present, the dissemination of information in the information sector of the economy cannot be imagined without the use of new information technologies.

The time has already passed when new information technologies were developed mainly for the internal needs of an organization. Now information technology has become an independent and rather profitable type of business, which is aimed at meeting the diverse information needs of a wide range of users. The use of modern information technologies provides an almost instantaneous connection to any electronic information arrays (such as databases, electronic directories and encyclopedias, various operational reports, analytical reviews, legislative and regulations etc.) coming from international, regional and national information systems and using them in the interests of successful business. Thanks to the rapid development of the latest information technologies, at present, not only has open access to the global flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information has become a real opportunity to build a global business on the Internet. Increasingly, firms are beginning to use the Internet resources in their activities. The global information network has penetrated almost all spheres of human life and business. On the Internet, a new system of global commerce is emerging, in which sellers, buyers and intermediaries are united in trading communities. The Internet can be seen as a new “habitat of the information society”, which is at the same time the most important global electronic market, which is still young, but its turnover is already significant. The growing popularity of the Internet is due to the fact that using this technology it is possible to implement almost all business processes in electronic form: buy and sell goods and services, invest money, receive information, conclude agreements, etc. The present moment of the development of the Internet is associated with an avalanche development of e-commerce.

When introducing modern information technologies into an organization, two interrelated goals are pursued:

Reducing costs in the organization;

Increase returns, increase productivity.

This is achieved by using the natural specificity of IT, which manifests itself in the following aspects.

1. Increasing labor productivity. It has to do with the speed, cost, and quality of performing routine tasks. To increase labor productivity, organizations use computer systems for reference and regulatory information, document management, corporate enterprise-wide systems - allowing managers and employees to carry out in a short time those actions that took days and weeks a few decades ago.

2. Increasing the competitiveness of the business. This is possible, for example, by recording information about weekly deliveries and product returns from each seller. After that, the program determines the income from each seller, compares the result, grouping them by segments, etc. After that, the optimal product range for each segment is determined, which allows you to increase the income of distributors and retailers.

3. Integration of financial information . When a manager tries to assess the performance of a company, he may encounter different assessments of managers on the same issue. For example, the finance department provides its version of the income statement, and the sales department provides its own. Other divisions can also show their options for what their contribution to the business is. A single system creates one final version of the report, which cannot be disputed by anyone, since everyone uses the same information system.

4. Fast order service. In modern IT for enterprises, an order lives its entire life - from the moment it appears to the minute when the goods are shipped to the client, and the accounting department issues an invoice to him. By having information in one system, rather than spread across many different applications, it is easier for a company to track an order and coordinate production, warehousing, and shipping across departments at the same time.

5. Standardization and acceleration of the production process. Large manufacturing companies, especially those targeting acquisitions and mergers, often find that multiple divisions of the company are doing the same thing using different methods and different computer systems. Modern information technology is based on standard methods for automating certain steps and the production process.

6. Stock optimization. Modern IT contributes to the fact that the production process is regulated (without failures), the process of order fulfillment within the company improves. The company can now stock fewer raw materials needed to make a product and store fewer finished products in warehouses.

7. Standardization of information on personnel. In companies with a large number of different business units, HR departments often do not have a single unified methodology for tracking and working with staff. This situation can be corrected by enterprise-wide systems with HR modules.

In the political aspect, informatization processes allow: to create the necessary conditions for access of the general population to information resources in order to increase its political, economic and social activity; contribute to the implementation of the processes of openness and democratization of society; to implement monitoring of public opinion of the population on the main problems of life; create conditions for the coordinated development of the district and the municipalities within it as an integral entity Russian Federation; predict, identify and resolve manifestations of socio-economic tension.

The economic aspects of informatization are focused primarily on increasing the efficiency of social production, the use of natural resources and property, and improving the socio-economic living conditions of the population.

The use of information technologies in the social sphere allows: to take into account the needs of the population of the district more fully and in a timely manner and purposefully respond to these needs; promote the implementation of the principle of social justice in the distribution of public goods; promote the effective functioning of social infrastructure sectors; increase the intellectual potential of society, develop new forms of leisure, recreation and entertainment for the population.

Thus, information technology production and non-production human activities are truly expanding without limit. The economy is characterized less and less as the production of material goods and more and more as the creation and dissemination of information products and services. The activity of people, groups, organizations to a greater extent depends on their awareness and ability to effectively use the available information. Finding rational solutions requires the processing of large amounts of information, which is sometimes impossible without the involvement of special technical means.

CHAPTER 2. MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES: FEATURES AND DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF IT IN THE MODERN ECONOMY

Modern information technologies are also called automated information technologies (AIT), emphasizing the role that automation tools play in these technologies. In automated information technology (AIT) of an enterprise, all economic factors and resources are reflected in a single information environment (single information space) in the form of compatible data. This allows us to consider, for example, the decision-making process as the construction and study of an information model that shows what changes will occur with the resources of the enterprise when certain actions are performed.

Modern information technologies are usually divided into the following types:

· Information technology of data processing;

· Management information technology;

· Decision support information technology;

· Information technology of expert systems;

IT in the economy partially includes something from each of the four types of information technologies listed. Therefore, I will briefly review each of them, their characteristics and purpose.

Information technology for data processing is designed to solve well-structured problems for which the necessary input data are available and algorithms and other standard procedures for their processing are known. This technology is used at the level of operational (executive) activities of low-skilled personnel in order to automate some routine, constantly recurring labor operations. Therefore, the introduction of information technologies and systems at this level will significantly increase the productivity of personnel, free them from routine operations, and possibly even lead to the need to reduce the number of employees.

The purpose of management information technology is to meet the information needs of all employees of the company, without exception, dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of management. This technology is focused on working in the environment of an information management system and is used when the tasks being solved are worse structured when compared with the tasks solved using information technology for data processing.

Management information technology is ideally suited to meet the similar information needs of employees of various functional subsystems (divisions) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or ad hoc management reports.

As already noted, the concept of information technology cannot be considered separately from the technical (computer) environment, i.e. from basic information technology. Hardware (technical) tools designed to organize the process of processing data (information, knowledge), as well as hardware (technical) tools designed to organize communication and transfer of data (information, knowledge) are called basic information technologies. With the advent of computers, specialists employed in a wide variety of subject areas (banking, insurance, accounting, statistics, etc.) have the opportunity to use information technology. In this regard, it became necessary to define the concept of the traditional (inherent in a particular subject area) technology for converting initial information into the required result and automated. Automated information technology (AIT) includes technical devices, most often computers, communication equipment, organizational equipment, software, organizational and methodological materials, personnel implementing the information process. AIT can be classified

by way of implementation

by the degree of coverage of management tasks,

by class of implemented technological operations,

type of user interface

by the method of building a network,

by subject areas served, etc.

According to the degree of coverage of management tasks, the following AIT are distinguished:

· electronic processing of economic data;

automation of control functions;

decision support;

e-office

· expert support.

According to the class of implemented technological operations, the following AIT are distinguished:

Working with a text editor

Working with a spreadsheet

work with DBMS.

work with graphic objects;

· multimedia systems;

hypertext systems.

According to the type of user interface, AIT is distinguished as batch, dialog, network.

According to the way the network is built, there are AIT local, multi-level, distributed.

According to the subject areas served, AIT is distinguished in accounting, banking, taxation, insurance, treasury and other areas.

The development of market relations has led to the emergence of new types of entrepreneurial activity and, above all, to the creation of firms engaged in the information business, the development of information technologies, their improvement, and the dissemination of IT components.

Increasing requirements for the efficiency of information exchange and management have led to the creation of organizational management systems for objects, such as, for example, banking, tax and other services. A visual classification of IT is presented in Appendix 3.4.

2.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ECONOMY

Any enterprise, institution, organization in the course of its activities has to constantly deal with large flows of information: international, economic, political, competitive, technological, market, social, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to select from a variety of information flows what meets the set goals . High-quality information makes the actions of specialists in various areas of the economy purposeful and effective, and here the most important role belongs to the effective use of modern IT.

The purpose of the functioning of information technology is the production, with the help of modern computer technology, of information intended for its analysis by a person and the adoption of managerial decisions on this basis.

In economics, information technologies are used in solving professional problems, including those related to modeling and forecasting production processes.

Modern information technologies of electronic customer service make it possible to automate many processes related to trade and the provision of various types of services to users. The information systems created for this purpose automate the processes of searching for the right items in price lists, allow you to archive documents, compile accounting reports, analyze supply and demand, choose the best ways to deliver goods and methods of payment, insurance, etc. The use of information technologies in corporate e-commerce leads to a reduction in costs associated with the purchase, organization, registration, accounting and delivery of goods; allows businesses to have lower inventories and respond more effectively to information about changes in demand, reducing the risk of overstocking.

Online stores or consumer auctions are being created to enable retailing with individual consumers. They do not have the cost of rent and wages for a large staff of salespeople. As a result, these stores charge lower prices for goods on the Internet than in traditional "real" stores. At the same time, a large assortment of goods is offered, which a “real” store cannot offer. An online store can be an important addition to brick-and-mortar stores.

Exchanges and auctions use electronic information systems for procurement, tenders (competitions), auctions, etc. With their help, it becomes possible to automate the processes of finding the necessary partners and agreeing on the terms of the transaction with them.

The integration of enterprises into electronic business combines an electronic ordering system, automation of the procurement process and promotion of goods to the end consumer through their own electronic stores. This model allows all its participants to significantly reduce overhead costs and gain time. Additional profit is formed due to savings arising from: full automation of workflow and accounting; optimization of management activities, commodity, raw material and financial flows; improving the quality of communication processes and the quality of marketing activities.

Modern IT in the economy is aimed at creating various types of reports: regulated and special. They may take the form of summary, comparative and extraordinary reports. Formed regularly or upon request, etc., the purpose of information technology used in the economy and business management is to meet the information needs of all employees of the company, without exception, dealing with decision-making. This technology is oriented to work in the environment of the management information system. Management information systems are ideally suited to meet the similar information needs of employees of various functional subsystems (divisions) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable: the future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or ad hoc management reports.

Thus, the need and relevance of automation of information processes in the economy is as follows:

Timely information service, rapidly developing commodity and financial markets;

Growing need for the development of automated information processing and control systems

The quantity and quality of information products are differentiated and increased;

The views and approaches to assessing the role of information in modern society are changing;

The requirements for the content and forms of data presentation are increasing;

The time between the performance of business transactions and their information display, necessary for decision-making, is reduced;

Accelerated pace of development of the informatization industry itself in the global economic space;

The transformation of the development and implementation of software technologies into one of the types of business: the availability of computers and software as a product of the internal computer market.

The development and widespread use of IT information technologies by all sectors of society is a global trend in world development. The use of IT is of decisive importance for improving the standard of living of citizens and the competitiveness of the national economy, expanding the possibilities of its integration into the global economic system, and increasing the efficiency of public administration and local self-government.

The IT industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Over the past 5 years, industry revenues have grown by an average of 10 percent per year, with an average economic growth rate of 3-4 percent, which has led to an increase in the industry's share in the GDP structure of both developed and developing countries. The world information technology market in 2010 grew by 8% - up to 1.5 trillion. US dollars, according to the report of the analytical company International Data Corporation. Hardware spending grew the most—computer systems, peripherals, memory, mobile devices, and networking equipment. Spending of this type increased last year by 16% to $661 billion. This is the highest rate of growth in investment in equipment since 1996. Memory costs increased by 14%, for servers - by 9%, for PCs - by 11%.

If the crisis period was remembered for very low demand and indecisiveness of investors, now global spending on information technology is growing at a record pace. The last time such a trend was observed in 2007, experts say.

The main increase was in equipment costs. Thus, purchases of computer systems, mobile devices and network equipment have shown a record growth of 16% since 1996 - up to 661 billion US dollars. The software and related services market showed growth of 4% and 2%, respectively.

Analysts expect the IT industry market to continue to develop as many organizations seize the opportunity to catch up during the financial crisis. Despite the fact that macroeconomic risks are still present, 2011 will be characterized by the revival of this industry, experts predict. According to the forecasts of international analytical agencies, high growth rates, about 9 percent per year, will continue over the next five years.

The industry owes its growth to two main drivers:

1) expanding the use of IT in the socio-economic sphere and public administration;

2) an increase in the volume of orders transferred by organizations to third-party specialized companies related to the development and maintenance of used IT, as a result of a growing shortage of qualified personnel in this area and the desire of many companies to reduce costs and concentrate on their core activities.

The main trends in the development of the global IT market also include a decrease in the share of sales of computer equipment and components in its total volume and an outpacing growth in sales of IT services in relation to software products. The decrease in the cost of acquiring computer equipment is a consequence of a decrease in consumer demand for equipment with improved functional and operational characteristics, since its additional benefits are insignificant from the point of view of most buyers. The increase in the share of services in the structure of the global IT market occurs as a result of the growth in the complexity and complexity of the IT systems used, which require not only significant costs for their installation and development, but also the availability of unique technical skills for the staff in their daily maintenance and administration. The involvement of third parties to transfer to them the functions related to the maintenance and maintenance of IT systems and infrastructure is also an important factor in increasing the volume of the IT services market.

Another characteristic phenomenon in the IT market is the movement of production from developed countries to countries characterized by low labor costs and favorable taxation conditions, which is especially important for the production of software that does not require the creation of a complex infrastructure. The presence in many countries of a developed and accessible telecommunications infrastructure for a wide range of companies makes it possible to provide remote provision of services in this area, including to foreign companies.

On April 12, 2011, the World Economic Forum (WEF) published a rating of countries in terms of information technology development in 2010-2011. Sweden and Singapore continue to be leaders. Third place was taken by Finland, Switzerland and the United States rounded out the top five.

The top ten leaders of the ranking include almost all Scandinavian countries, including Denmark (7th) and Norway (9th), but with the exception of Iceland (16th). The economies of the "Asian Tigers" follow Singapore and continue to grow in the ranking: Taiwan and Korea improve their positions by 5 places each (to 6 and 10, respectively), and Hong Kong is close to the leaders (12). China, after several successive years of rapid development, ranked 36th.

China develops IT more successfully than all other BRIC countries, and is ahead of India (48), Brazil (56) and Russia (77), according to the WEF report.

Russia, according to the report, has risen in the rating by 3 positions. The strengths of the country include a favorable environment for the development of IT infrastructure (42nd place), as well as a fairly high level of readiness of the population to use ICT (59th place) and direct use of ICT by the population (55th place).

At the same time, a number of problems hinder the spread of IT: including an underdeveloped market (118th place), legislative regulation (111th place), low levels of readiness for the use of IT and the direct use of ICT by business and the public sector. The IT Sophistication Index is based on a combination of publicly available statistics and CEO survey results. In total, 138 countries are examined in the WEF ranking.

Unlike traditional industries, in which the international division of labor has already taken shape, the formation of the global infrastructure of the IT industry has not yet been completed, which leaves Russia with the opportunity to significantly increase its share in this market.

CHAPTER 3. FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ECONOMY OF RUSSIA

3.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE IT INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

The formation of the Russian IT sector actually began 15 years ago, simultaneously with the formation of a market economy. The period of strict regulation of the telecommunications market, when the expansion of demand in all its segments was based on spontaneously formed economic incentives, ended after the financial crisis of 1998, which temporarily limited the growth rate of the industry. The concept of development of the Russian telecommunications market, adopted in 2000, and the optimization of regulation of its individual segments gave the market a new impetus, and economic growth expanded domestic demand for telecommunications services. As a result, the growth rate of the industry significantly exceeded the indicators of industrial sectors.

For the Russian Federation, the rapid development of the IT industry is especially important, as it makes it possible to make a significant contribution to the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), to help eliminate the dependence of the Russian economy on raw materials and the successful implementation of the country's reform program in the social sphere and in the field of public administration.

Favorable factors for the development of the Russian IT market include continued economic growth and a high basic level of education of the population. The economic recovery, the growth of management culture and the emergence of free investment resources in companies lead to an increase in the share of corporate expenses for the implementation of large-scale IT implementation projects in the overall cost structure. The high level of education of a significant part of the population is an important resource for meeting the needs of the industry in qualified specialists and users in the field of IT.

These factors are responsible for the rapid growth of domestic demand for IT in Russia. Since 2000, the growth rate in the Russian information technology industry has annually exceeded the growth rate of the country's economy by an average of 4 times. In 2006, the volume of the industry grew by 20 percent compared to 2005 and exceeded 1 trillion. 160 billion rubles. In the ranking of information technology development in 2010-2011 by the World Economic Forum (WEF), Russia ranks 77th out of 138 countries. Sweden and Singapore lead the ranking, Finland ranks 3rd, Switzerland 4th and the USA 5th.

According to the study, in 2010 the IT industry resumed growth, but has not yet reached the pre-crisis level. According to RIA-Analytics experts, after falling by 12-14% in 2009, the growth of the domestic IT market in 2010 amounted to 13-15% - to the level of 570-580 billion rubles. The forecast for the growth rate of the IT market in 2011 is 15-20%. The post-crisis revival of the Russian economy was primarily reflected in the leading companies, which were able to increase their market share due to better access to state and near-state projects (Appendix 5). By 2010, the implementation of the state policy in the field of ICT made it possible to increase the density of the telephone network by one and a half times, increase the provision of the population with computers from 10 to 43 per 100 people, the share of Internet users - from 15 to 45 percent, the share of the IT industry in the structure of GDP - from 5 to 10 percent. This also made it possible to achieve an increase in the share of IT in the structure of exports of the Russian Federation up to 4 percent.

However, despite the impressive growth rates, the absolute volume of the IT market in Russia remains modest. The IT market accounts for only 1.4 percent of Russia's total GDP. By comparison, the US IT market is over $500 billion and accounts for over 5 percent of GDP. At the same time, in the overall structure of the Russian market, imported hardware and technology makes up the lion's share, while the IT services market accounts for only 30 percent, and the software products market - 14 percent of the total.

Exports currently account for only 14 percent of the Russian IT market. In comparison, in other countries with dynamically developing IT industries, the share of exports dominates the overall structure and is, for example, 70 percent in Israel and 80 percent in India.

The significant growth of the Russian economy in recent years, the liberalization of the conditions for the economic activity of enterprises lead to the active integration of the Russian economy into the world economy, participation in the globalization of economic processes, and most importantly, participation in the new economy of the global information society. Information technologies and communications are becoming the elements that not only unite the vast territory of Russia, but also unite people. The continuity of the state information space, the access of the maximum number of citizens to information, information exchange is a guarantee not only of economic and social development, but also state security, increasing investment attractiveness.

The state is an active consumer of IT products and services in the Russian Federation. As in developed countries, the share of demand from the state over the past 5 years in the Russian IT market has reached 30 percent, which has become a significant stimulus for the growth of the industry. A significant volume of demand falls on several large companies controlled by the state (JSC Gazprom, RAO Russian Railways, RAO UES of Russia, JSC Aeroflot, JSC Svyazinvest). An active source of demand in the IT market is also the enterprises of the financial and oil and gas industries, communications and trade. Metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport and other industries lag far behind in terms of IT spending.

The Russian IT market is waiting for a change in structure and growth in volume The Russian IT market is fundamentally different from the corresponding markets of developed countries in terms of structure and volume (Appendix 6).

The IT market in Russia in 2009 (the situation did not change dramatically in 2010, according to the Bank of Moscow's Analytical Department) was only 1.2% of GDP, which is extremely low compared to Western Europe (2.8%) and the world as a whole (2.5%).

The market structure in Russia is characterized by a high share of "computer equipment" (55%). At the same time, in Western European countries, half of the market is made up of IT services, and the share of hardware is only slightly more than 30%.

The Russian IT market is unconsolidated. The share of the market leader - IBS Group - is 6-7%. The above structure and volume of the Russian IT market indicate a high growth potential for this sector. Moreover, the segments of IT services and software development will increase at a faster pace.

Thus, the domestic IT market lags behind, in most respects, both developed and many developing countries. This situation is caused by general economic reasons: a consequence of the decline in production in the 1990s, the unwillingness of many enterprises to invest in long-term IT projects, and the low level of material well-being of the main part of the population. At the same time, the development of the IT industry in Russia is additionally constrained by a number of other barriers. The forecast for the development of the Russian IT market for 2010-2015 is presented in Appendix 7.

3.2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC SERVICES

It should be noted that in recent years Russia has taken measures to enhance the use of information and communication technologies in order to improve the efficiency and quality of public and municipal services. World experience shows that the introduction of e-government technologies provides citizens and businesses with access to high-quality government services and at the same time reduces the cost of these services.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2007 No. 931 "On certain measures to ensure information interaction between state bodies and local government bodies in the provision of public services to citizens and organizations" recognized as necessary to ensure the transfer of federal bodies from January 1, 2008 state power for the provision of public services to citizens and organizations in electronic form using software and hardware and telecommunications infrastructure of the All-Russian State Information Center (OGIC). The creation of the technical components of the OGIC is carried out by the Ministry of Information and Communications of Russia and Rosinformtekhnologii within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)". The main goals of creating the OGIC are:

• optimization of interaction between public authorities with each other, with the population and organizations based on high-tech services;
• ensuring regulated and free access to information about the activities of public authorities and the services they provide;
• provision of remote provision of public services based on information contained in the databases of information systems of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other state authorities and local governments.

The functions of the authorized federal executive body in the field of electronic digital signature are assigned to the Federal Agency for Information Technologies. All information about public services in the OGIC is divided into three categories of users: the population, organizations, and public authorities.
OGIC for the population and organizations:

• provides an opportunity to search for precisely those public services that are in the interests of the population and organizations;
• ensures the provision of public services in electronic form;
• informs about the legislative framework for the formation of public services, about news and announcements in the field of information technology and public services.

OGIC provides a service for paying for public services using a mobile payment system. Currently, OGIC, when providing public services remotely, makes it possible for the population and organizations to fill out the forms of necessary applications when applying to executive authorities to receive public services (stage of preparation for the implementation of services), and also provides an opportunity to obtain information on the provision of certain types of services.
Federal executive authorities responsible for the functioning of the OGIC: the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of Russia, Rosinformtekhnologii, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.

The Federal Agency for Information Technologies (Rosinformtekhnologii) is federal body executive branch, which performs the functions of managing state property and providing public services in the field of information technology, including in terms of using information technology to form state information resources and provide access to them.

The transfer of state and municipal services to electronic form is becoming one of the most profitable topics in the market of technical innovations. The draft state program "Information Society" has already been approved by the government commission for the introduction of information technologies. The volume of its financing will be about 10 billion rubles. in year. The consolidated budget of all departments for informatization will be about 70 billion rubles. In addition, the cost of informatization within the framework of departmental targeted programs will approximately amount to 120 billion rubles. annually, expenditures of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 50 billion rubles. per year, and expenses from extrabudgetary sources - at least 200 billion rubles. in year.

The main objectives of the program: the development of services to simplify the procedures for interaction between citizens and the state, the transfer of state and municipal services to electronic form, increasing the openness of the activities of state bodies. authorities, creation and development of electronic services in the field of healthcare, housing and communal services, education and science, culture and sports. Also, the program should solve the problems of building e-government and improving the efficiency of public administration. management, including by creating a system of interdepartmental electronic document management and interdepartmental information systems designed to make decisions in real time.

The program contains a number of measures aimed at developing the Russian market of information and telecommunications technologies, stimulating domestic developments in these areas, training personnel and developing technology parks, and developing television and radio broadcasting and digital content.

According to the results of the program implementation, the share of the population that has the opportunity to receive terrestrial digital TV channels should increase from 30% in 2011 to 99% in 2015. The share of families with broadband Internet access - from 45% to 80% in 2020. The share of the information technology sector in Russia's GDP will increase from 4.5% in 2011 to 7.1% in 2020, and the export of goods, related to information technology - from $ 3.7 billion to $ 8.1 billion. But the main goal of the program is that by 2014 citizens can receive all federal state. services in electronic form.

3.3. PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THE WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

Barriers hindering the development of the IT market can be divided into legislative problems common to the entire industry, factors hindering the growth of the domestic market, factors limiting the growth of exports, as well as institutional problems.

1. The underdevelopment of basic IT legislation hinders the development of both demand and supply in the IT market. The current federal laws "On Information, Informatization and Protection of Information", "On Participation in International Information Exchange", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media" and some others were created more than 10 years ago. During this time, it became necessary to harmonize the legal norms contained in them with the provisions of Russian civil law, taking into account the possibilities of new information technologies, as well as the tasks of combating antisocial phenomena when using them.

2. The barriers that hinder the development of the domestic market are largely due to the low demand for IT from the main consumer groups: the state, the population, and enterprises.

Demand for IT from state bodies and budgetary organizations is limited due to the lack of the necessary amount of funding for large-scale government programs and informatization projects, the lack of qualified and educated users, as well as IT specialists, and the insufficient efficiency of holding competitions for the execution of government orders. The high terms and complexity of accelerated depreciation of computer equipment for government agencies and budgetary institutions is an important obstacle to the modernization of the existing technical base in the IT field.

According to 2010 data, there are about thirty computers per 100 people in Russia. The indicator is quite low, considering that in Europe 70-80 people out of a hundred are provided with PCs. The total number of regular Internet users is 50 million people, and Russia is among the top ten leading countries according to this indicator. However, the quality of communication and its prevalence throughout the country, unfortunately, are still not at the highest level.

3. Problems limiting the development of exports in the IT sector. For customs clearance about twenty documents are provided for export of IT products in accordance with existing legislation, which leads to delays in export clearance and an increase in administrative costs for companies, stimulating the withdrawal of IT export operations abroad, for example, through the opening of offices in another country. The development of exports, in addition to the above factors, is also hampered by the lack of information from foreign companies about the services provided by Russian enterprises in the IT industry, and in most cases the impossibility of assessing the quality of Russian companies in accordance with international certification systems.

4. Institutional problems include: the low level of development of mechanisms for attracting funding, the insufficient level of development and availability of telecommunications infrastructure, the inconsistency of the system for training professional personnel in the field of IT with world standards, as well as the lack of effective mechanisms for the enforcement of legislation on the protection of intellectual property.

The underdevelopment of venture financing hinders the emergence and development of new IT companies, the introduction and commercialization of new IT products.

The insufficient level of development and accessibility of the telecommunications infrastructure hinders the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the industry, prevents them from entering the world market and developing relations with foreign partners.

The inconsistency of the system of professional training of specialists in the field of IT with leading international standards leads to a shortage of personnel with the necessary qualifications, especially middle-level specialists and managers of informatization projects, and the impossibility of effective competition between Russian specialists and specialists from other countries.

The lack of effective mechanisms for the enforcement of legislation in the field of protection of intellectual property rights leads to a loss of income for Russian manufacturers and is an important obstacle for large international companies to create their own research and development centers in Russia.

Enterprises in the IT industry are not able to solve these problems on their own. For these purposes, it is necessary to conduct a coordinated state policy aimed at eliminating these barriers and providing state support for the development of the IT market in Russia.

At the same time, it is also necessary to provide state support for the development of the domestic market based on stimulating demand from the state, the population and enterprises of all sectors of the economy to ensure large-scale implementation and use of IT in the socio-economic sphere and public administration and solve the problem of modernizing the country.

Ensuring state support for these areas, except for special measures, also involves the improvement of the basic legislation in the field of IT and the formation of institutional foundations for the development of the industry.

Main directions of action:

The implementation of state support measures for the development of the information technology industry in Russia should be carried out in four main areas:

Improvement of legislation;

Development of the domestic market;

Export development;

institutional development.

Measures to improve legislation .

Given the current conditions, we can conclude that the indicative goals for Russia's participation in international cooperation in the IT field are as follows:

– Democratization of access (i.e. providing everyone with a means of access to and use of information and ICTs, transparency and efficiency for all);

– Improving the innovation environment and stimulating market demand for innovation;

– Assist partner countries in the development of national policies and regional strategies in order to make the best use of and access to information through modern technologies; Promoting the weaker, engaging developing countries in the information society and preventing new forms of exclusion within countries due to economic or other barriers; Strengthening international relations and cooperation, and contributing to the development of IT on a global scale;

– Creation and dissemination of methods for processing information and ensuring access to it in the fields of education, science, culture and communication; · The need to create norms that guarantee the right to information;

– Rationalization of intellectual activity through the use of new information technologies, a radical increase in the efficiency and quality of training.

Among the most important events in the area of ​​bilateral cooperation are the following:

– meeting of the co-chairs of the Russian-Hungarian intergovernmental commission on economic cooperation;

– holding meetings of the Russian-Chinese working group on cooperation in the field of information technologies and the Russian-Chinese working group on cooperation in the field of communications. Priority tasks in the near future within the framework of bilateral cooperation will be the development of cooperation with foreign countries in the most promising areas of IT, assistance in establishing partnerships between Russian and foreign enterprises and companies, promotion of domestic companies to foreign IT markets.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion of this course work, we can conclude that it is information and knowledge that contain the principles of increasing productivity, the optimal use of other resources. They are becoming more and more significant resources in the modern economy, they represent the importance of intellectual efforts. Computer technology is a specific machine of a new stage of economic development - information, predetermining the possibilities and efficiency of using information. With the help of information systems, it became possible to significantly increase the level of management in all spheres of public activity. The widespread use of information technology has opened up opportunities for the active development of global computer networks and thus building a global information infrastructure designed to provide ample opportunities for users and at the same time increase the efficiency of managing all areas of human activity. The rapid spread of networked information technologies, global and local networks, has also brought a serious problem, which is the need to protect access and security of strategic information both at the level of a state or organization, and at the level of an individual user. The successful solution of this problem, along with the active introduction of new information technologies, communications, software and hardware, allows the state and any organization to be as competitive as possible in the global world.

Today, information technology can make a decisive contribution to strengthening the relationship between the growth of labor productivity, output, investment and employment. New types of services distributed through networks are able to create many jobs, which is confirmed by the practice of recent years. Modern IT, with its rapidly growing potential and rapidly decreasing costs, opens up great opportunities for new forms of work organization and employment within both individual corporations and society as a whole.

Thus, the development of the information technology market will be facilitated by:

Implementation of information technologies in the socio-economic sphere and public administration;

Development of domestic production in the field of information and communication technologies, including the implementation of a set of software solutions for the development of microelectronics;

Revival of the situation in the information technology market through the implementation of priority national projects, as well as sectoral and regional development strategies;

Stimulating the development of the information technology market, including the creation of technology parks in the field of high technologies.

Promotion of Russian enterprises in the information and communication technology industry to the world market, strengthening Russia's position in international industry organizations;

Implementation of tax and customs policy measures aimed at stimulating organizations operating in the field of information technology.

In Russia, the information technology sector is currently much less developed than in many developed countries of the world. This hinders the further development of the Russian economy. Because of this, studies of many economic aspects of the development of this sector are especially relevant for our country. Trends in the development of innovative processes in Russia, including information technology, will determine in the future the place of the country in the world economic system. For the development of the Russian economy, it is necessary to provide favorable conditions for the development of the IT sector. This can be achieved both with the active support of the sector by the state, and by attracting significant investment into the sector from various sources.

1. Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" dated July 27, 2006 N 149-FZ.

2. Abrosimov A.G., Borodinova M.A., educational and methodological complex for the course "the theory of economic information systems". / Publishing house Samarsk. State. Economy Acad., 2003.-140p.

3. Aleshin L.I. Information technology - M.: Litera, 2008. - 424 p.

4. Alekhina G.V. Information technologies in economics and management / Moscow International Institute of Econometrics, Informatics, Finance and Law. - M.: 2004. - 236 p.

5. Baranovskaya T. P., Loiko V. I. et al. “Information systems and technologies in the economy: Textbook” - M: Finance and statistics, 2006

6. Beketov N.V. The main directions of state support for the innovative development of the Russian economy // Information resources of Russia: Scientific journal. - 2009. No. 10

7. Bozhko V.P., Vlasov D.V., Gasparian M.S. Information technologies in economics and management: Educational-methodical complex. – M.: Ed. EAOI center. 2008. - 120 p.

8. Vasyukhin O. V., Varzunov A. V. Information management: short course. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg State University ITMO, 2010. - p.248

9. A. G. Ivasenko, A. Yu. Gridasov, V. A. Pavlenko Information technologies in economics and management. Proc. allowance // Publishing House of KnoRus, 2008.

10. Rumyantseva E.L., Slyusar V.V. Information technologies: Textbook for colleges. - 2007, 256 p.

11. Levkovich A.O. Formation of the information services market. Publisher: "Publishing house of business and educational literature", 2005. - p. 335

12. Rodnin K. Prospects for the informatization of society. – M.: Russian Academy of Sciences. Series: Information, science, society, 2006.

13. Rumyantseva E.L., Slyusar V.V. Information Technology. - Textbook for colleges. 2007, 256 p.

14. Saffiulina Z. A. Information: value and evaluation: Scientific and practical guide. M.: Liberea-bibinform, 2006.-224 p.

15. Yu.F. Simionov. Information technologies in economics. Series "Higher Education"., 2003 - 352 p.

16. Sitaryan S.A. Foreign economic problems of Russia's transition to an innovative way of development. – M.: Nauka, 2006. – 252 p.

17. Titorenko G.A. Automated information technologies in the economy. M.: UNITI, 2008, 400 p.

18. Utkin V.B. Information systems and technologies in economics: Textbook - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2003. - 355 p.

19. Ilya Massukh, Deputy Minister of Telecom and Mass Communications "Russian Business Newspaper" No. 777 (44)

20. "Information technologies and communications" Portals of public services http://www.itcsme.ru/

21. Russian Business newspaper "No. 785 (3) http://www.rg.ru/gazeta/biznes

22. Information portal RESOURCE http://www.eito.com/

23. Russian IT News Service http://www.itrn.ru/

24. Publishing house "Open Systems" http://www.osp.ru/

26. Information agency Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation http://www.tpp-inform.ru/cci_system

Appendix 7

Rice. Forecast for the development of the Russian IT market in 2010-2015, billion rubles

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Saffiulina Z.A. Information: value and evaluation: Scientific and practical guide., - M .: Liberea-bibinform, 2006.-224p.

Baranovskaya T. P., Loiko V. I. et al. "Information systems and technologies in the economy: Textbook" - M: Finance and statistics, 2006

Vasyukhin O. V., Varzunov A. V. Information management: a short course. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg State University ITMO, 2010. - p.248

RIANOVOSTI Rating of the largest IT companies in Russia2011 http://www.rian.ru/

IDC, estimates of the Analytical Department of the Bank of Moscow

Modern technologies have become an integral part of the life of not only a single person, but of the whole society as a whole. Now it is quite difficult to imagine an enterprise that would not use the achievements of modern technological progress.

Modern business technologies in the modern world

Business technologies are a set of certain methods, specially developed techniques that include the use of innovations, technological solutions that contribute to the further development of a particular project. The use of modern business technologies in the world can significantly expand the possibilities of commercial projects, as well as create a fertile ground for them to open up new prospects.

The main goal of modern business technologies is to promote the commercial activities of an enterprise or a single commercial structure, to conquer those market segments that are inaccessible under more traditional, generally accepted business norms.

The main tasks of modern business technologies include:

• search for innovative solutions that would allow for a closer and more understandable relationship between business and the end consumer;
• income optimization;
• increase in productivity of working personnel;
• creation of a new type of strategy;
• search or development of new ways and methods to enhance the marketing effect.

The main task is a significant increase in profits, promotion of projects in certain market segments with the involvement of non-standard solutions and strategies.

Modern scientific technologies

The main task of modern scientific technologies is the introduction of innovative, effective solutions in the development of all spheres of human activity, from the everyday life of everyone to the introduction of developments in industrial production, the agricultural sector and business promotion.

In the development of modern technologies, a special role is assigned to the creation and improvement of the so-called renewable energy sources. In addition, the main directions of modern scientific technologies include the creation of various biotechnologies, the development of medicine and pharmaceuticals.

An important role in modern scientific technologies is also assigned to information and telecommunication systems, the creation of new materials that could later be used in human economic activity - light and heavy industry, the agricultural sector.

Modern educational technologies

For the development of the main trends of modern educational technologies, the so-called humanization of the educational sphere is used. Self-actualization is encouraged, as well as self-realization of each individual person.

Modern educational technologies provide for the use of information and communication methods in the learning process, which allow students to acquire primary skills when working with information:

• search;
• sort information;
• organize and store data.

This involves working with text editors, resources for creating presentations and projects, tools for dynamic tables.

Modern information and communication systems

Modern information and communication systems include:

• wired and wireless communication;
• satellites, devices for data transmission;
• antennas;
• surveillance cameras.

This list is far from complete. Thanks to the existence of information systems control centers, today it has become possible to quickly resolve problems when using automated communication and communication tools.

As modern information and communication systems, satellite communications are actively used, which are equipped with new car models. They are capable of transmitting in the form of video and audio signals about possible natural disasters and other natural disasters.

Modern computer technologies

The main advantage that modern computer technologies have is the ability to obtain the largest possible amount of all the necessary information that is necessary in the process of learning or implementing a specific business project.

The spread of modern computer technologies has a great impact on the development of the labor market. Thanks to the creation of these technologies, it became possible to significantly speed up work in almost any company and establish communication between people, even if they are far from each other.

Modern computer technologies contribute to the development of science, greatly facilitating the process of computing and creating scientific projects. In the field of medicine, modern computer technology has now become an integral part. Without these technologies in modern medicine it is quite difficult, and sometimes even impossible, to carry out diagnostics. various diseases and prescribe effective treatment for the patient.

Modern medical technologies

Rapidly developing technologies in the field of science and technology are actively used in modern medicine. Especially clearly noticeable is the use of modern medical technologies during the diagnosis of the patient. Thanks to technological progress in the field of medicine, computed tomography and ultrasound are already actively used today.

In the field of medicine, innovative technologies are emerging that allow for microsurgical and minimally invasive interventions. Modern medical technologies are used for the treatment of oncological diseases, in cardiac surgery, during cell therapy, which involves the use of stem cells, in vascular surgery, during plastic surgery in orthopedics and ophthalmology.

Modern technologies and materials in construction

The development of modern technologies has not bypassed the construction market. Today, many technologies have appeared, as well as building materials, which greatly facilitate the entire process of construction work. Thanks to the use of modern technologies and materials in construction, it becomes possible to erect buildings in a shorter period, with less investment of money and labor costs, and what is especially important today is to achieve the maximum heat-saving effect of the building being built.

Today, there are several modern technologies used during construction:

• the use of fixed formwork;
• the use of 3D panels during the construction of buildings;
• use of adjustable modular formwork.

The so-called frame housing construction is gaining more and more popularity in the construction industry today.

In the construction market, you can find modern building materials such as 3D printed bricks, which are more energy efficient and have their own cooling system. Another innovation is self-healing concrete, which can make any structure more reliable and durable.

Chemical technology of modern energy materials

A key direction in the activities of entire regions modern science is the search and creation of safe and highly efficient and economical sources for energy production. Energy resources such as oil or coal, which have been widely used in recent decades, have a negative impact on the state of environment not only during their use, but also during extraction. The use of these energy resources, taking into account the costs of their extraction, is not very efficient.

Energy is closely related to the branch of chemical technology, which allows you to search for new materials and develop tools and methods for obtaining energy from these materials.

The chemical technology of materials in the modern energy industry makes it possible to more effectively manage and innovate nuclear chemical processes and create advanced technologies for the primary and secondary processing of natural raw materials. In addition, the use of this technology allows for more efficient processing of nuclear fuel and waste resulting from the operation of nuclear power.

Modern technologies in personnel management

The use of certain modern technologies in personnel management, first of all, depends on:

• on the nature of the internal organization that is present in the enterprise (form of ownership, type of activity);
• the presence of external factors (culture, political component, socio-economic component).

During the use of modern technologies in personnel management at a single enterprise, such components as the competence and professional skills of those employees who work in the field of personnel management play an important role.

These technologies, which are used taking into account the final goal, can be divided into:

• formation of personnel structures of the enterprise;
• ensuring the efficiency of personnel and the enterprise as a whole;
• personnel management, which stimulates the introduction of innovative solutions at the enterprise.

HR technologies can be traditional, industry-specific, professional, and innovative. Each of the above technologies is used based on the specifics and direction of the type of activity of the enterprise.

Modern trends in the use, implementation and development of science and technology

AT modern world Leading roles in the formation of a new technological order are assigned to thermonuclear energy, genetic engineering, photonics, as well as nanotechnology and robotics. Already today, flexible automation of the production of goods is taking place, the process of improving information networks and transport systems continues.

Ecologically clean energy carriers and renewable energy sources are gaining more and more popularity. Technologies are being developed and used that make it possible to reduce the energy intensity, as well as the material intensity of the production of goods and to create a new type of structural materials, with properties originally incorporated into them.

Technologies for the production of new equipment

The technology for the production of new equipment begins with the development and development of the first prototype, with its subsequent testing and verification of quality, functionality and calculation of all material costs associated with its production. After the successful development of the first prototype of the new technology, it is launched into mass production.

The process of mastering the production of new technology can be carried out at an existing or, in some cases, at a new enterprise (if the capacities of the existing enterprise are not enough for the effective production of new equipment).

Modern technology companies

Today in the world there are many companies that are engaged in the development and development of modern technologies. The industries in which these companies operate can be very diverse - from medicine to heavy industry.

The most famous of them are:

• Lenovo is a Chinese company that is actively developing new computer systems;
• Mastercard - occupies a leading position in the world in the development and use of payment systems and innovative electronic technologies;
• Hitachi is one of the world's largest corporations, which includes more than a thousand organizations and divisions. Develops household and specialized industrial equipment.
• Siemens is a large international concern that is actively implementing and developing new technologies in the creation of electronics, medical equipment, transport, and telecommunications.

Companies analyze the needs of the market and the possibility of using new technologies, evaluating such parameters as: efficiency, relevance, availability of analogues, cost and applicability.

Companies developing modern technologies in medicine

Modern companies pay great attention to the development of modern technologies in medicine.

Successful A.M.I. Italia designs and manufactures automatic type external defibrillators, which belong to the SeverOne series.

AR-EL company carries out technological developments in the field of medicine and manufactures operating tables, table chairs, blood collection chairs. AR-EL is engaged in the production of veterinary surgical tables and motorized tables, cabinets and chairs for doctors.

Edan Instruments and Esaote develop advanced diagnostic systems and analyzers for medical laboratories.

Companies developing modern building technologies

The German company Rothenberger is one of the world leaders in the production of modern construction equipment. The companies have 14 factories located in France, Spain, Sweden and the USA.

For more than 15 years, the Evrodima construction company has been developing and manufacturing diamond tools. The main direction of work is new developments for diamond equipment operating at high frequencies.

Among the enterprises producing modern welding equipment, one can note the Italian company Ritmo and the German company Rico.

Center for Modern Investment Technologies

The Center for Modern Investment Technologies is a representative office of the largest office network of consulting centers in Russia. The center works in several directions. This is training for traders and advanced training for more experienced businessmen. The Center for Modern Investment Technologies provides support and advice to investors.

Clinic of modern medical technologies

The clinic of modern medical technologies is one of the departments of the medical center MEDEP-Regions. Medical institution specializes in pediatric surgery and urology. Within the walls of the clinic, postpartum rehabilitation is carried out, aimed at the complete restoration of the woman's body after the birth of a child, using physiotherapy exercises and other procedures.

Modern technologies at exhibitions

The exhibitions of the Central Exhibition Complex "Expocentre" widely present innovative technologies and the latest achievements in various sectors of the domestic and modern economy. At the exhibition, the easiest way to establish contact between the manufacturer and the end user, as well as visually demonstrate the technological innovation. Thanks to exhibitions, developers have the opportunity to assess the degree of interest and consumer reaction to a new invention.

Topic: New technologies and their role in the modern economy

Type: Coursework | Size: 277.56K | Downloads: 46 | Added on 05/28/15 at 08:52 | Rating: 0 | More Coursework

University: Financial University

Year and city: Lipetsk 2015

Introduction 3

1. Theoretical foundations for the creation of new technologies 4

2. Classification and essence of innovations 7

3. Features of the organization of production of new technologies in the Russian Federation 14

Conclusion 22

References 24

Annex 25

Introduction

The role of innovation in the modern world cannot be overestimated. Innovations perform both economic and social functions, cover all aspects of society, affect personal issues. In the long term, without innovation, further economic and cultural growth along an intensive path of development is impossible.

In the economy, innovations play a decisive role in the creation of new jobs, both directly (a new position at the enterprise) and indirectly (somewhere it is necessary to retrain old employees). In addition, the implementation process itself requires the involvement of third-party specialists. Also saving resources; an increase in trade with other countries, and, as a result, an improvement in consumer qualities.

The chosen topic is undoubtedly relevant, since innovations have become the main driving force of economic and social development. Innovative activity has led the world community to a new, higher level of development.

The purpose of the work is to study new technologies and their role in the modern economy.

Based on the purpose of the work, the following tasks were formulated:

• explore theoretical basis creation of new technologies;
• consider the concept and classification of innovations;
• analyze the foundations for creating new technologies in the Russian Federation.

1. Theoretical foundations for the creation of new technologies

At the end of the XX century. During the formation of a post-industrial society, mankind has entered a new stage of its development, where computerized systems and information technologies have been and are of paramount importance, industrial IT technologies and organizations in various fields of human activity.

Computerized systems, information and high production technologies are the basic systems of the innovation economy. In their development, they fundamentally transform all means of receiving, processing, transmitting and producing information, radically technologizing intellectual activity (for example, automation of financial and accounting reporting and organizational and administrative activities, automation of design and scientific and technical preparation of production, automation of production control , multilingual automated translation, diagnostics and identification of images, etc.).

I would like to highlight the social factors that speak about the innovative economy of a state (country):

• obtaining by any members of society all the information they are interested in about innovative changes, regardless of their location and time;
• the availability to any member of the society or organization of all the necessary means to carry out the preceding paragraphs;
• the ability of the company to provide all the necessary information to ensure the stable social and economic development of society, first of all, information of a scientific nature;
• constant innovation in all spheres and sectors of the economy;
• cardinal changes in social structures, which result in the expansion and mobilization of innovative human activity in various fields;
• a society tuned and ready for the introduction into wide practice of innovations of various functional purposes;
• the existence of developed infrastructures that help the state keep up with the ever-accelerating scientific and technological progress and innovative development;
• availability of a flexible system of advanced training and retraining of personnel.

The basic concepts of the innovation economy are the concepts of "innovative infrastructure", "innovative activity", "innovation".

Scientific and technological progress can be divided symbolically into two main basic and complementary components - industrial and technological achievements and technological achievements.

Production and technical achievements are considered:

• implementation in social practice of production and technical achievements;
• introduction of modern technologies based on world innovative achievements;
• reducing or eventually eliminating the gap between the available volume and the level of technological achievements.

The results of scientific and technological progress are scientific achievements:

• new discoveries, knowledge, technological ideas and inventions based on fundamentally new principles.

In the case of scientific and technological progress, production and technical merits are considered to be the fruits - innovations, the creation of which implies:

• systematic development and creation of innovative systems, equipment, machines, new ways of organizing and planning production;
• ensuring the effective use and operation of the created innovative product;
• research and obtaining innovative and technological achievements necessary for the creation and implementation of demanded innovations.

It follows that the saturation of innovation activity is the most essential condition for the formation of an effective innovation economy.

Thus, the effectiveness of innovation activity is almost entirely based on the innovation infrastructure. Consequently, the innovation infrastructure is the basic component of the innovation potential of mankind and the innovation economy. Innovative infrastructure is the main mechanism of the innovative economy, it is able to raise the state's economy to a very high level. It predetermines the rise in the welfare of states (countries) and the pace of development of their economies.

1. Classification and essence of innovations

Innovation (innovation or innovation) is an object obtained as a result of a scientific research or discovery made, qualitatively different from the previous analogue, successfully introduced into production and making a profit.

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are closely related to each other. Since the innovation process, in turn, is a set of scientific, technical, technological and organizational changes that occur in the process of implementing innovations. It is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.

One of the most important tasks in the theory of innovation management is the formation of an environment that reproduces and implements a targeted search, preparation and implementation of innovations, which in turn would ensure the competitiveness of the organization.

Thus, purposeful processes of creation, development and distribution of innovations and the changes caused by them in social, economic and technical systems are the subject of the science of innovations.

The novelty of innovations is evaluated by technological parameters and from market positions. With this in mind, a classification of innovations is built. Depending on the technological parameters, innovations are divided into product and process innovations.

Product innovations include the use of new materials, new semi-finished products and components, which, as a result, leads to fundamentally new products. Process innovation means new methods of organizing production (new technologies). They may be associated with the creation of new organizational structures within the enterprise (firm).

According to the type of novelty for the market, innovations are divided into:

New to the industry in the world;

New to the industry in the country;

New for this enterprise (group of enterprises).

If we consider an enterprise (firm) as a system, we can distinguish:

1. Innovation at the entrance to the enterprise (changes in the choice and use of raw materials, materials, machinery and equipment, information, etc.).

2. Innovations at the exit from the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.).

3. Innovations of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production, technology).

Depending on the depth of the changes introduced, innovations are distinguished:

Basic (radical);

improving;

Private (modification).

Russian scientists from the Research Institute for System Research (RNIISI) have developed an extended classification of innovations, taking into account the areas of activity of the enterprise, in which innovations are highlighted: technological, industrial, economic, trade and social - in the field of management.

A fairly complete classification of innovations was developed by A. I. Prigogine: (Table 1)

Table 1

Classification of innovations according to A. I. Prigogine

Classifications of innovations by coverage of the expected market share and by innovative potential and degree of novelty to the greatest extent express the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of innovations and are important for the economic assessment of their consequences and the justification of managerial decisions.

The original innovative observation was made by N. D. Kondratiev in the 20s of the XX century, who discovered the existence of the so-called "big cycles" or "long waves", as they are called abroad. N. D. Kondratiev pointed out the existence of a relationship between long waves and the technical development of production, involving data on scientific and technical discoveries in the analysis, showing the wave-like nature of their dynamics. He explored the dynamics of innovation, distinguishing it from discoveries and inventions. The dynamics of innovations is studied in the context of the phases of a large cycle. In the studies of N. D. Kondratiev, for the first time, the foundations of the so-called cluster approach are seen. N. D. Kondratiev showed that innovations are distributed unevenly over time, appearing in groups, that is, clusters. The recommendations of N. D. Kondratiev can be used in the development of an innovative strategy for the state, region, enterprise. (Fig. 1)

Rice. one. Business cycle according to N. D. Prigogine

From the point of view of the well-known economist Mr. XX century J. Schumpeter, the following types of innovations can be distinguished:

• creation of a new product;
• use of new production technology;
• use of a new organization of production;
• opening of new sales markets;
• discovery of new sources of resources (raw materials).

Groups of innovative products or innovative products can be conditionally divided into the following groups:

1) Technology group, which includes new technologies and their applications - products and services;

2) Production group - the emergence of a variety of production innovations (including outsourcing and outstaffing) depending on the form of production, the scale of activity and the method of attracting human resources;

3) Marketing and logistics innovation and product innovation;

4) Organizational and managerial, covering new organizational and managerial forms and methods;

5) Commercial - creation (implementation) of new markets, new businesses, fresh marketing, logistics and trade solutions and technologies.

There are six main classifications of innovative products:

I. According to J. Schumpeter, innovation is the commercialization of all new combinations, based on:

• application of new materials and components;
• application of new processes;
• opening new markets;
• application of new organizational forms;
• discovery of new sources of raw materials.

II. Classification of innovations into "pushed" and "pulled" products. According to J. Lambin, the level of risk associated with technological innovation largely depends on the source of the idea of ​​a new product. "Pushed by laboratories" and "pulled by demand". In the first case, innovation is driven by fundamental research and technology capabilities, while in the second, observed needs are driven.

III. Christensen's classification is "disruptive" and "supportive" technologies. Disruptive innovations are needed to replace established innovations. This is necessary to start a new cycle of innovative business development. "Disruptive innovation" is the source of development. “Sustaining” innovations reinforce already existing basic technologies that have already established themselves in industry markets.

IV. D. Moore's classification. He distinguishes between innovative products "interrupting" and "non-interrupting" technologies. The basis of this classification is a change or not a change in the usual technology of the consumer's work when meeting with an innovative product. Those innovations that require changing conditions and behavior are called disruptive innovations. "Continuous" innovations and technologies, for their part, simply improve existing products and do not entail changes in consumer behavior.

V. Chauffray and Doré's classification based on the depth of change in the physical characteristics of the product or the change in perception of the characteristics of the product. This is how they stand out:

• original goods (significant innovations, radical innovations);
• updated goods (basic characteristics do not change, only some physical parameters have been changed);
• goods with new positioning (only perceived characteristics have changed).

VI. The Arthur D. Little classification distinguishes:

1. Key technologies. They are little known in wide circles and provide an advantage to the enterprise. These technologies provide leadership.
2. Basic technologies. They are widely known modern technologies. Give an acceptable level of quality.
3. Emerging technologies are at the experimental stage. Promising.
4. Closing technologies are technologies that are able to close entire industries.

In view of the foregoing, these classifications of innovations can be

submit to unified scheme(table 2, appendix 1)

Thus, a variety of specific conditions, including economic, organizational and others, in innovative activity leads to the fact that, despite the commonality of the subject of innovation, each of its implementation is unique. At the same time, there are many classifications of innovations and, accordingly, the subjects of innovation activity. A significant place in the theory of innovation management is occupied by concepts that study the formation of technological systems and ways of disseminating innovations. These concepts are being developed by a number of scientists, among them are the English economists K. Freeman, D. Clark and L. Sute. They introduced the concept of a technological system of interconnected families of technical and social innovations. According to the authors, the rate of economic growth depends on the formation, development and aging of technological systems. Diffusion, or the process of dissemination of innovations, is considered as a mechanism for the development of a technological system. The authors link the rate of diffusion of innovations with the market mechanism. They note that the diffusion of innovations requires appropriate conditions and incentives. The impetus for the development of the economy is the emergence of basic innovations in certain industries. The aging of technological systems in some countries and the emergence of new ones in others leads to uneven cross-country development. Economic growth is seen as a consequence of the emergence of new industries.

Yu.V. Yakovets and E.G. Yakovenko.

1. Features of the organization of production of new technologies in the Russian Federation

Innovative development strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 8, 2011 No. 2227-r and is the main document that determines the state policy in the field of innovation in this moment. Its implementation is designed to qualitatively change the structure of the economy of our country.

The Strategy clearly lays out all the goals, priorities and instruments of the state innovation policy. The Strategy also sets long-term courses and frameworks for the development of innovative activity entities and guidelines for financing the sector of fundamental and applied science and supporting the commercialization of developments.

The Strategy defines 3 key priorities for innovative development.

1. Development of human capital.

Today, in the context of global competition, one of the main success factors is the availability of highly qualified personnel.

In terms of human potential development, the priority is the development of competitive research, teaching, managerial personnel and the creation of appropriate favorable conditions for such development. The strategy provides for stimulating the influx of qualified specialists, including the introduction of amendments to the legislation aimed at simplifying the migration regime in relation to them.

1. A significant increase in business innovation activity, primarily through the modernization of technological processes and the launch of fundamentally new products that are competitive on the world market. One of the key objectives of the Strategy is to increase the susceptibility of business to innovation, innovative development should become one of the priorities of companies.

Particular attention in the Strategy is paid to facilitating the entry of Russian companies into foreign markets and integration into global value chains. In this regard, it is planned to significantly intensify support for foreign economic activity and expand the arsenal of such support.

1. Promoting innovation in the public sector.

The state should provide a favorable environment for innovative activity, including through the consistent elimination of existing administrative barriers and restrictions.

At the same time, the state itself must become more and more innovative. There are many opportunities for introducing innovations in the social sphere, in public administration, including through public procurement mechanisms and assistance to companies with state participation in the process of developing corporate innovation programs.

In particular, the Strategy provides for a system of measures to:

• development of human resources in the field of education, science, technology and innovation;
• building a balanced and sustainable research and development sector;
• ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as Russia's integration into the world processes of creating and using innovations;
• increasing the innovative activity of business and accelerating the emergence of new innovative companies;
• the widest possible introduction of modern innovative technologies into the activities of government bodies;
• intensification of activities for the implementation of innovation policy carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.

The Strategy is aimed at achieving a number of key target indicators provided for both in the Strategy itself and in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Long-Term State Economic Policy”. In order to increase the pace and ensure the sustainability of economic growth, increase the real incomes of citizens of the Russian Federation, achieve the technological leadership of the Russian economy, the following points (instructions) have been decided:

1. The Government of the Russian Federation should take measures aimed at achieving the following indicators:

• creation and modernization of 25 million high-performance jobs by 2020;
• an increase in investment to at least 25 percent of the gross domestic product by 2015 and up to 27 percent by 2018;
• increase in the share of products of high-tech and science-intensive sectors of the economy in the gross domestic product by 2018 by 1.3 times compared to the level of 2011;
• increase in labor productivity by 2018 by 1.5 times compared to the level of 2011;
• increasing the position of the Russian Federation in the World Bank's ranking on the conditions of doing business from 120th in 2011 to 50th in 2015 and to 20th in 2018.

1. Also, the Government of the Russian Federation should take measures to increase the level of innovation and efficiency in the field of:

• strategic planning of socio-economic development;
• improving the budgetary and tax policy, increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures and public procurement;
• privatization and improvement of state property management;
• improving the conditions for doing business;
• modernization and innovative development of the economy.

In particular, the share of organizations implementing technological innovations should be at least 25% by 2020, the share of exports of Russian high-tech goods in the total world exports of high-tech goods by 2020 should be 2%, and the share of products of high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy should also increase. in GDP by 2018 by 1.3 times compared to the level of 2011

The main mechanism for the implementation of the Strategy is the state programs of the Russian Federation of scientific and technological orientation. These primarily include "Development of Science and Technology", "Development of Education", "Development of Industry and Increasing its Competitiveness", "Economic Development and Innovative Economy", "On Science and State Science and Technology Policy", as well as a number of other programs.

As an example, we can imagine Dubna - a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type. The developing areas of activity in the SEZ "Dubna" include nuclear physics and nanotechnologies, information and medical technologies, as well as some others. To attract companies to the SEZ, measures such as a simplified procedure for acquiring land plots, tax incentives, providing apartments for leading specialists, and so on, are envisaged. It is planned that about 350 resident companies will operate in the special economic zone, which will provide about 10,000 new jobs.

At the same time, special programs have been developed for certain priority sectoral areas, the implementation of which is closely related to the implementation of the Strategy's measures. In particular, such a program is the Comprehensive Program for the Development of Biotechnologies in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, which aims to bring Russia to a leading position in the development of biotechnologies and the creation of a globally competitive bioeconomy sector.

A striking example of the implementation of this program is the Skolkovo Innovation Center - a modern scientific and technological innovation complex for the development and commercialization of new technologies.

The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in the priority sectors of the modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, biomedical technologies, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology.

The result of the activities of the Skolkovo Foundation should be a self-governing and self-developing Ecosystem, favorable for the development of entrepreneurship and research, contributing to the creation of companies that are successful in the global market.

The global biotechnology market is estimated to reach $2 trillion in 2025. US dollars, growth rates for individual market segments range from 5-7 to 30% annually. Russia's share in the biotechnology market today is less than 0.1%, and in a number of segments (biodegradable materials, biofuels) it is practically zero.

At the same time, the importance of biotechnologies for the development of the Russian economy cannot be overestimated. So, for a number of industries (agro-food sector, forestry sector, a number of sub-sectors of the chemical and petrochemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry and the biomedical health sector), modernization will mean a transition to biotechnological methods and products.

Over the past 20 years, fundamentally new biotechnologies and products have been created in the world, and the production of previously known ones has been significantly optimized. Russia, unfortunately, hardly participates in this process. As a result, more than 80% of the biotechnological products consumed in Russia are imported, and the consumption of biotechnological products in Russia remains incomparably low compared to developed and developing countries.

The implementation of the Comprehensive Program for the Development of Biotechnologies in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and the activities of the Working Group on the Development of Biotechnologies are designed to cope with this situation. (Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Principles for the implementation of the Strategy for the development of the biotechnological industry of the Russian Federation until 2020 (Strategy "BIO - 2020")

So, already in 2015, according to the published results of The Global Innovation Index 2015, compiled by the international business school INSEAD on the basis of 80 factors that characterize the potential for innovative development of states. Russia, despite the sanctions, has risen to 14th place against 49th in 2014. (Fig. 3)

The authors of the study, among whom there are also representatives from Russia, argue that the successful growth of the economy in today's global environment depends equally on the innovative potential and on the conditions for its implementation. Accordingly, the index is calculated as the sum of estimates of various indicators: available resources and conditions for innovation (institutions, human capital, infrastructure, development of the domestic market) and practical results achieved (development of technologies and knowledge economy, results of creative activity).

“One of the most important indicators of The Global Innovation Index is the number of university graduates, doctors of sciences and patents per million people, where Russia ranks second, behind South Korea and ahead of Finland and Israel. In terms of the number of Hi-tech companies, Russia is in 15th place in the rating.”

However, at the same time, most of these patents and discoveries remain only text on paper, since education standards are aimed at teaching a classical set of subjects. The monetization of youth projects and, moreover, their integration into real business are not within the scope of the educational institution's interests. The main funding is allocated for the planned release of specialists and theoretical research. There is also no reason to hope for successful cooperation with the business of non-governmental institutions.

The main contradiction lies in the fact that the age of 18-27 years is the most promising for innovations, since in the conditions of a rapidly developing information environment it becomes mentally difficult for older people to generate their own projects. If until the middle of the 20th century the period complete change the social environment in society - the use of electricity, gas, gasoline, radically changing the stationary way of life - took a period of at least 25 years, equal to the age of generational change, now children born in 1992 and 1994 grow up as completely different people, brought up on various cartoons, films, music, ideals. At the same time, for 6 years out of the “golden” period of 18-27 years, potential innovators are forced to engage in dubious routine at the university and look for a side job instead of implementing real start-ups. After that, due to the impossibility of living at the age of 23-24 with the salary of an intern in a promising production, they are forced to move papers to offices or get a job as managers in any of the 55 thousand catering enterprises with a slightly higher salary.

Thus, the strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, is the main document that determines the state policy in the field of innovation at the moment. Its implementation is designed to qualitatively change the structure of the economy of our country.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of innovation activities is almost entirely based on innovation infrastructure. Consequently, the innovation infrastructure is the basic component of the innovation potential of mankind and the innovation economy. Innovative infrastructure is the main mechanism of the innovative economy, it is able to raise the state's economy to a very high level. It predetermines the rise in the welfare of states (countries) and the pace of development of their economies.

A variety of specific conditions, including economic, organizational and others, in innovative activity leads to the fact that, despite the commonality of the subject of innovation, each of its implementation is unique. At the same time, there are many classifications of innovations and, accordingly, the subjects of innovation activity. A significant place in the theory of innovation management is occupied by concepts that study the formation of technological systems and ways of disseminating innovations. These concepts are being developed by a number of scientists, among them are the English economists K. Freeman, D. Clark and L. Sute. They introduced the concept of a technological system of interconnected families of technical and social innovations. According to the authors, the rate of economic growth depends on the formation, development and aging of technological systems. Diffusion, or the process of dissemination of innovations, is considered as a mechanism for the development of a technological system. The authors link the rate of diffusion of innovations with the market mechanism. They note that the diffusion of innovations requires appropriate conditions and incentives. The impetus for the development of the economy is the emergence of basic innovations in certain industries. The aging of technological systems in some countries and the emergence of new ones in others leads to uneven cross-country development. Economic growth is seen as a consequence of the emergence of new industries. Yu.V. Yakovets and E.G. Yakovenko.

Yu.V. Yakovets singled out the cycles and phases of the development of technology, and also carried out a periodization of scientific and technological revolutions. In the works of E.G. Yakovenko and his colleagues considered the life cycles of products, modeling the processes of cyclicity at the microlevel. Many of the findings of these researchers can be used in the development of mechanisms for regulating market processes, taking into account the life cycle of technologies, products and industries.

The Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, is the main document that determines the state policy in the field of innovation at the moment. Its implementation is designed to qualitatively change the structure of the economy of our country.

Thus, the main implementer of this Strategy is Rusnano. This corporation contains several nanotechnology centers, the most famous of which are Dubnensky and Zelenogradsky. The activities of nanotechnological centers are directly aimed at the work profile of science cities: in the former center of Soviet electronics, Zelenograd, they work on sensors, sensors and robotics (plus they are engaged in biotechnology and space), and in the capital of nuclear research, Dubna, they are slowly working on materials and other things related to energy.

Also, in addition to Rosnano, Skolkovo also acts as the implementer of the program. The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in the priority sectors of the modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, biomedical technologies, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology. The result of the activities of the Skolkovo Foundation should be a self-governing and self-developing Ecosystem, favorable for the development of entrepreneurship and research, contributing to the creation of companies that are successful in the global market.

Bibliography

1. Baldin K. V., Perederyaev I. I., Golov R. S., Vorobyov A. S. Innovative management. - M.: Academy, 2010 - 368 p.
2. Ivasenko A. G., Nikonova Ya. I., Sizova A. O. Innovative management. - M.: KnoRus, 2009 - 416 p.
3. Innovative economics: a textbook for university students studying in the areas of economics and management. - Tepman L.N., Naperov V.A., UNITY-DANA, 2014 - 278 p.
4. Nikolaichuk O.A. Is an innovative economy possible in Russia? // Academy of Budget and Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of Russia. Financial magazine. 2011. №1. pp.63-72
5. Innovative Russia 2020 (Strategy of Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020).- M., Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.-2010
6. Innovation management. / Under the editorship of A. V. Barysheva. - M.: Dashkov and Co., 2010 - 384 p.
7. Innovation Management: Textbook / ed. A.V. Barysheva - Dashkov and K, 2012 - 384 p.
8. Kozhukhar V. M. Innovative management. - M .: Dashkov and Co., 2011 - 292 p.
9. Makhovikova G. A., Efimova N. F. Innovative management. Lecture notes. - M.: Yurayt, 2011 - 144 p.
10. Microeconomics: Textbook / VZFEI; Ed. G.A. Motherland, S.V. Tarasova. - M.: Yurayt, 2012. Vulture
11. Microeconomics: a practical approach. (Managerial Economics): Textbook / Ed. A.G. Gryaznova and A.Yu. Yudanova, M.: KnoRus. - 2009, 2010, 2011
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1.2 The role of new technologies in the economy

On the present stage development of the country, economic growth is impossible without the introduction of new equipment and technology, which leads to the transformation of science into a direct productive force, to fundamental changes in technology, a harmonious combination of mental, physical, mental efforts of a person, in its spiritual enrichment.

The set of principles and methods aimed at the formation and development of the scientific and technical potential of the country to achieve the strategic goals of society is called scientific and technical policy.

The objectives of science and technology policy are:

1. state support for national science;

2. stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance;

3. formation of conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in production area Poltavsky, P.A. State regulation of innovation activity//Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2010. No. 27 (208). Issue 29. Economics. - S.52-56.

The implementation of the state scientific and technical policy is carried out by financing R&D, financing and improving the system of secondary and higher education, and implementing a number of organizational and institutional measures.

Russia has a powerful scientific and technical potential capable of solving the most urgent problems of economic restructuring, demilitarization of technologies, strengthening their social orientation, accelerating scientific and technological progress, strengthening intensification, and the like. At the present stage in Russia, there are objective conditions for the implementation of an active state scientific and technical policy. Our country has a powerful potential of academic, university and industrial science, scientific and technical potential of many enterprises, in particular high-tech industries in the industrial complex Mindeli L., Chernykh S. Problems and prospects of financing science and innovation in Russia // Federalism. 2011. - No. 1. - S. 113-126.

GDP growth in Russia, which was recorded by domestic statistics during 2009-2013, has become an indispensable element of the victorious reports of government officials who perceive this growth as evidence of the correct economic policy they are implementing. However, the winning figures, judging by the comments of experts, do not cause much enthusiasm. After all, it is impossible to talk about economic growth in general without touching on the problems of its quality, ensuring progressive innovative changes.

According to the current state of the socio-economic development of Russia, it is possible to determine the following main strategic priorities that our state faces: increasing the competitiveness of the national economy; ensuring decent work and people's well-being; National security; regional policy; deep restructuring of the social sphere; energy security of the national economy and energy saving Economic potential of Russia: its development and effective use: Collection of scientific articles / General. ed. A.N. Folomiev. - M.: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2009.- P.13.

The path to economic prosperity that Europe has traveled for hundreds of years, Russia must go through in five to seven years, ten at most, and only if it makes an economic leap. It must accept this challenge and become a place for the formation of new models of economic development, only then Russia will take place as a full-fledged state.

To increase the competitiveness of the domestic industry, it is necessary to identify mechanisms to support economic growth. At the present stage of economic development, when the search for ways to improve production efficiency is one of the key tasks, the role of innovation is not only of particular importance, but also of an exclusive role in concretizing the strategy for consuming resources, increasing the efficiency of their use.

This is due to two aspects: the peculiarities of the nature of scientific and technological progress at the present stage and the need to significantly increase the efficiency of use and save resources as one of the most important ways to intensify production.

High-tech industries and the latest types of production, which are based on knowledge as the main production resource, acquire special weight. Therefore, the state should stimulate the widespread introduction of new information technologies in the country. The result of the scientific and technical policy of the state should be the modernization of the industry in the direction of ensuring the country's competitiveness in the near future, as well as the creation and development of industries of the "new economy" that will ensure constant economic growth.

Federal State Educational state-financed organization higher vocational education

"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)

Department of Microeconomics

Course work

"New technologies and their role in the modern economy"

Completed:

student of group U1-2

Bakhshiyan P.K.

Supervisor:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

Nikolaeva I.P.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

1. Place and role of new technologies in the modern economy

1.1 New technologies in modern economic systems

1.2 Periodization of technological development

2. New technologies as an engine of industrial progress

2.2 Third Industrial Revolution

2.3 Innovative enterprises of the future

3. Development of new technologies in the Russian Federation

3.1 Problems of development of new technologies in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

The entire history of the development of mankind is the history of the development and improvement of technologies and tools (technology) used by man. A few thousand years ago, man started with an ordinary stick, and today he has reached incredible heights of technical and technological development. Technical and economic systems and structures have been continuously improved by man throughout the entire period of its existence. However, in previous millennia, this process did not have such an "explosive" character. The transition from one technical and economic mode to another could take centuries or even millennia, but the 20th and 21st centuries have shown us an unprecedented speed of change and improvement of technologies and technical means used by man. Such a success in introducing innovations and their impact on all spheres of public life could not but arouse interest among economists. The economic science of the beginning of the 20th century began to study the processes of innovative development as such and to study their main features and patterns. Many well-known economists such as J. Schumpeter, J. Hicks, R. Solow have achieved significant success in this. However, the world is rapidly changing, and the exclusively scientific interest in technological development in the early to mid-20th century was replaced by interest from the state and, most importantly, from entrepreneurs. This happened as a result of the realization that innovative technologies and their implementation have become practically the only key to successful economic activity in the conditions of the modern economy, or, as it is commonly called, the “new economy”.

From the point of view of microeconomics, new technologies are a tool by which firms maintain their competitive position in the market by saving on costs and (or) differentiating their products. The development and implementation of innovative technologies and equipment is, in fact, the only effective way holding or capturing market positions.

This work is devoted to the analysis of the role of new technologies in the modern economy and their impact on it.

1. Place and role of new technologies in the modern economy

1 New technologies in modern economic systems

The driving force of socio-economic development has always been scientific and technological progress, the fundamental goal of which is to find new means of satisfying the public at the lowest cost in terms of costs and resources while preserving ecosystems. In order for economic growth to take place on the basis of technical or technological achievements, it is necessary to have a structure of a certain level of complexity, which is determined by the number of reproducible technologies, their energy potential, factors of scientific and technological progress, the properties of the self-development core that stimulates interconnections with economic sectors, economic development.

Technique is understood as the use of various physical, chemical, biological, as well as social patterns within the framework of any device, fixture, device to obtain or deploy a certain process in which there is a need (need), or to create products, technologies, services that have sufficient utility for humans.

Technical systems consist of objects of engineering and technology that are controlled and managed by a person. All spheres of public life today can be represented as the interaction of complex economic systems. Since the objects of technology, technical systems are created by man, the main goal is to get as many useful results as possible at minimal cost.

The development of technology today is impossible without the interaction of concentrated resources, including intellectual, and economic incentives that make inventive, scientific, and engineering activities. Creating economic incentives is a task of institutional planning and design.

Also, when studying new technologies, it is necessary to take into account such a parameter of innovative (and not only) technical systems as manufacturability. The manufacturability of the system is understood as a set of properties of the elements of this system that determine its ability to carry out the optimal costs of production, operation and repair with the necessary quality parameters, output volumes, consumption and development conditions. Manufacturability technical system has both quantitative and qualitative aspects of change. The indicator of manufacturability of the economic system is a quantitative characteristic of the functioning of the system.

Highly important concept is the concept of "ensuring the manufacturability" of the economic system, which, in the opinion of the author, should be understood as a set of tools aimed at ensuring the necessary functions of the system, overcoming or reducing the degree of its inefficiency. In other words, we are talking about a set of measures to manage the system, one might even say, measures that increase the manageability of the system.

Summing up, we can say that the manufacturability of a technical (economic) system is one of the goals of introducing new technologies in an enterprise, since this indicator most reliably allows one to judge the effectiveness of this system. As mentioned earlier, the main goal of developing and implementing innovative technologies is to increase production volumes while increasing resource savings, i.e. while reducing production costs. In my opinion, enterprises that have achieved a high rate of manufacturability of the technical system of their production have the opportunity to use the following purpose of new technologies, namely: differentiation of their products.

1.2 Periodization of technological development

The study of new technologies in general would be incomplete without studying the history of the stages of technological development. Each stage of innovative development was accompanied by a radical change in technical and economic structures, which entailed irreversible consequences in all spheres of society. An analysis of the periodization of technological development is interesting in that it allows us to identify some general patterns in the change of technical and economic structures and the introduction of new, innovative technologies at that time. Of course, the 21st century is very different from all previous ones (much more than, say, the 19th century differs from the 18th), and many features and patterns of innovative development of the past are completely wrong in the present conditions, but a few of the most important ones are still of interest.

An economy based on a new technological order cannot function successfully if it does not directly or indirectly serve its natural purpose - the satisfaction of human needs, the growth of incomes and national welfare. Orientation to meet the needs becomes absolutely necessary when making strategic decisions in innovation, structural investment and other areas of production activity. An economy operating simultaneously on three technological modes also cannot function successfully, since it cannot reproduce three technological modes at once due to the resulting disproportions in the distribution of resources between them. The problem of reproduction of technological modes is not only a problem of developing the technological structure of the economy, but also of adapting economic entities, their behavior models, existing institutions and institutional agreements. Types of energy carriers evolve, new ones appear, which makes it possible to associate technological development with their types, and GNP - with the total consumption of these energy carriers. The first stage of technological development is associated with the use of firewood as a primary energy carrier, the second - with the use of coal, the third - with oil, the fourth - with gas, the fifth - with nuclear fuel. It seems that the next stage will be characterized by the depletion of oil, the expansion of the use of gas (especially shale) and environmentally friendly natural energy sources, including wind, tidal, osmotic and solar energy. For human society, three potentially possible stages of economic evolution can be distinguished: pre-energy, energy and post-energy. At the first stage, energy does not act as a limiting factor due to the primitive state of the productive forces of societies; at the second stage, there are serious problems with the energy supply for economic growth. At the post-energy stage, energy opportunities will be considered abundant and not limiting the standard of living and social satisfaction of the population, or this stage will be characterized by a general energy deficit due to an excessively increased consumption of both industries and the population, which cannot be satisfied with existing energy capacities. In any case, so far human society has evolved in terms of the energy available to it. However, circumstances are possible when energy will not be enough for the further development of the economy, and such episodes in local economic systems, at the level of individual regions, are already occurring. Of course, taking into account the relative nature of economic knowledge, one cannot demand that the theory of technological development be valid at every stage of the evolution of the economy. Modern theory development, most likely, corresponds to the energy phase and should be based on resource limitations and the need for a transition to the post-energy stage of development of the world economy, when the acuteness of the energy problem will be removed. Besides, important function theory of development is to obtain an answer to the question of the potential possibility of a post-energy civilization in the above understanding and of the tasks facing the economy at the "energy" stage.

A detailed study of the development and implementation of the most important technical innovations and technologies is not the purpose of this work. Such an analysis would be very complex and would take a lot of time even for recognized experts in this field. However, within the framework of the study of the periodization of technical and technological progress, an important conclusion can be drawn that a change in technological patterns through the use of new means of production occurs within a certain energy stage. It is the conditions and possibilities of the energy stage that determine the basis for the further development of engineering and technology. Of course, science plays a leading role in technical and technological progress. However, the possibilities of science in a particular period of time are always limited, and I believe that the scope of these limitations is determined by the conditions of the energy stage. As can be seen from Table 1, revolutionary changes in production have always been preceded by the discovery and use of new energy sources. This means that any change in the technical and economic structure occurs within the energy capabilities of a particular stage of economic development.

2. New technologies as an engine of industrial progress

1 Technological progress at the center of human progress and development

Central to understanding the role of technology is the recognition that technology and technological progress are relevant to a wide range of

range of economic activity, not just manufacturing and computers. For example, by some estimates, technological progress has increased the productivity of agriculture four times as fast as that of manufacturing. how in some countries the production of allegedly high-tech products such as computers is the result of relatively low technology. Finally, in many cases, technology is embodied in the production and management of production systems, rather than in physical goods or software algorithms. The computer that is loaded

latest version software that sits unused on a desk most of the day is a different display of technology than the same computer that runs manufacturing processes or payment system.

Technological advances can lead to lower costs,

improving quality, creating new products,

and help expand into new markets. Technological progress involves much more than doing the same thing, or doing it better with fewer resources. This concept is more dynamic, and it is associated both with the creation of new products for the market and the production of equipment, and with the spread of these technologies between firms and throughout the economy as a whole. While many of the consequences of technological progress are in some ways obvious, the following deserve special mention:

Technological progress can spur development by lowering the cost of production and operation due to increasing returns to scale in production.

Technological advances in one sector can contribute to

creating new economic opportunities in other sectors. Reducing production costs can create completely new products, or even sectors of the economy. Technologies new to the market in one sector can lead to a flourishing of activity in other sectors, creating supply and demand for goods and services that did not exist.

The benefits of new technologies go far beyond the economic sector or product in which the technology exists. This is the case if the initial product is an important intermediate in the production of other goods, such as telecommunications systems or the reliable maintenance of electrical networks.

Technology can improve quality. Such improvements can enable a developing country to win over more demanding consumers and new markets. It can be as simple as using machinery and equipment to produce goods and services that meet the more demanding expectations and standards of consumers and business customers in high-income countries, in other words, premium market products.

2 Third industrial revolution

The first industrial revolution began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, with the mechanization of the textile industry. Tasks that were previously time-consuming and carried out by hand by hundreds of weavers were combined in one cotton mill - this is how the factory appeared. The second industrial revolution took place at the beginning of the 20th century, when Henry Ford built the first moving assembly line and the era of mass production of goods began. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and the world more urbanized. Now the third revolution is in full swing. Manufacturing is going digital. A number of great technologies fall into the same realm: smart software, new materials, smarter robots, new manufacturing processes (particularly 3D printing) and a host of web services. The factory of the past was based on making a huge number of identical products: Henry Ford's famous phrase was that Ford buyers could buy a car in any color, as long as that color was black. However, in the 21st century, the costs of producing fewer batches with a wide variety of products, tailored to the whim of each customer, are falling. The manufacturing of the future will focus on the mass production of customized goods and may look more like those weavers than the Ford assembly line.

The old method of production involves the use of a large number of parts for their subsequent connection or welding. The product can now be designed on a computer and "printed" on a 3D printer that creates a solid object by building up layers of material. The digital design can be changed with a few clicks of a computer mouse. A 3D printer can run unattended and can do many things that are too complex for traditional factories. Over time, these amazing machines will be able to do anything, anywhere, in a garage in an African village.

The applications of 3D printing are especially staggering. Already, hearing aids and high-tech military aircraft parts are being printed in individual forms. Serious changes will also affect the geography of deliveries. A hard-to-reach engineer who doesn't have a particular tool no longer needs to buy it from the nearest major community. He can simply download the design of this tool and "print" it. The days when projects stalled due to missing pieces of equipment, or when customers complained that they couldn't find parts for the things they bought, will one day be in the past.

Other changes associated with the use of 3D printers are almost as important. The new materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. Carbon fiber is replacing steel and aluminum in products ranging from aircraft to mountain bikes. New material processing techniques allow engineers to shape objects into tiny shapes. Nanotechnology gives products enhanced features, such as bandages that help heal cuts, motors that run more efficiently, and dishes that clean more easily. And with the Internet enabling large numbers of designers and engineers to work collaboratively on new products, the barriers to entry by a new company are falling. Ford needed a huge amount of capital to set up his massive River Rouge factory, his modern day counterpart can start with a laptop and a desire to invent.

Like all revolutions, this one will be just as destructive. Digital technologies have already dramatically changed the media and retail market by automating sales processes. Plants will also change forever. They won't be full of dirty cars driven by people. Many of them will be spotlessly clean and almost deserted. Some automakers are already producing twice as many cars per worker as they did just a decade ago. Most of the jobs will not be on the factory floor, but in the nearby offices, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT specialists, logistics specialists, marketing specialists, etc. The manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills.

The revolution will affect not only how things are made, but also where. Factories were usually located in developing countries to reduce labor costs. But labor costs are less and less of an impact on product costs: out of $499 for the first generation iPad, labor costs were only $33, of which assembly costs in China were only $8. because Chinese wages are rising, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so complex that it's more efficient to have the people who design them and the people who make them in the same place. The Boston Consulting Group estimates that in areas such as transportation, computers, metal structures, and manufacturing equipment, 10-30% of the goods America currently imports from China can be produced in America by 2020, which will boost GDP and by $20-55 billion a year.

Consumers will find little difficulty in adapting to the new era of manufacturing development. The authorities, however, may have a harder time. They are used to defending industries and companies that already exist, not upstarts that might force them out of the market. They are pumping up old factories with subsidies and putting people in charge who want to move production abroad to reduce labor costs. They spend billions to stop technical and technological progress. And they cling to the romantic belief that production more important than services not to mention finances.

All this makes no sense. The boundaries between production and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines, it sells watches that fly planes on their engines. The authorities have always been wrong in choosing who should be supported, and they probably do not understand who the future belongs to. Thousands of entrepreneurs design new products online, produce them at home (using 3D printers) and sell them on the market. While the revolution is in full swing, the authorities must stick to the basics: create good schools for a skilled workforce, set clear rules for entrepreneurs in all fields. The "revolutionaries" will do the rest.

3 Innovative enterprises of the future

I believe that in the coming decades, the structure of innovative enterprises and the investment in new technologies themselves will undergo major changes. Today, the fact is more and more obvious that an enterprise that does not improve cannot adapt to a constantly changing market, as consumer demands increase more and more often, as innovative development flagship enterprises offer the consumer more and more new products in terms of technology. However, investments in R&D require significant financial investments from the enterprise, which only the largest market players can afford. At the same time, ever-increasing consumer demand for new products with better features and properties will require large investments in R&D, which even large corporations spending billions of dollars annually on R&D will not be able to afford over time. It is at this point that corporations and simply innovative enterprises will be forced to combine investment in R&D. However, difficulties inevitably arise here on the basis of which of the enterprises to conduct research and this will cause a conflict of interest. It is this situation that will force enterprises to turn to another enterprise that is constantly engaged in innovative developments on a professional basis.

The proposed model of an innovative enterprise is a kind of boutique, which has a rather narrow specialization and a circle of clients. The advantages of such an enterprise model are obvious: a high concentration of capital and scientific personnel will make it possible to achieve a high rate of efficiency of investments in R&D. In this case, economies of scale play a role, since with a large number of visible studies, the failures of several projects will pay off at the expense of the success of the rest.

However, there is one serious flaw in the activities of such enterprises: since R&D is carried out with the money of several companies, the results of the research belong to everyone who invested in the activities of the “innovation boutique”. The question arises of how to share the results of research among themselves, and this is a very difficult problem due to the complexity of assessing the results of R&D. I offer several options for distributing the results of an innovative enterprise and their use by investors:

1.Distribution of research results among investors depending on the amount of investment. The R&D results themselves will be valued at a discounted cost, i.e. by the amount of potential profit that their use will bring. The company with the most investment will be entitled to the most expensive technology, and so on.

2.Investing companies may initially formalize agreements in writing regarding the division of rights to the results of the research enterprise. However, the vulnerability of this option lies in the fact that investment in R&D is a kind of “black box”, and no one knows what will come out of it. Therefore, written agreements regarding the division of rights to researched technologies represent a serious conflict of interest, since the results, their potential usefulness, cannot be known in advance.

.Sharing of rights to R&D results by several investors and pre-agreed rules for their use. For example, a certain technology can be used in completely different industries and investors representing several companies occupying completely different markets can agree on the use of this technology without prejudice to the interests of any of the investors. I believe that this strategy of separating the rights to the results of investing in an innovative technology company is optimal.

Thus, the main difficulty in the operation of an enterprise of this kind can be overcome through agreements between investors.

In conclusion of the story about this idea, I would like to say that the existence and activity of such a firm is possible only if the technical or technological demands of consumers increase so much that the costs of financing R&D increase so much that even large corporations alone cannot cover them. I believe that in practice, such innovative research enterprises can be formed in the leading universities of developed countries or simply in a large research center that can attract enough high.

3. Development of new technologies in the Russian Federation

1 Problems of development of new technologies in Russia

Russia has entered the 21st century, the century of innovative development of the economy, in a very distressed situation, which was caused by a number of reasons:

.The collapse of the USSR seriously undermined economic ties between the states of the post-Soviet space

.The absence of innovative enterprises in industry (except for defense ones) seriously complicated Russia's position in the world market.

.The massive outflow of highly qualified scientific personnel in the 90s of the XX century led to the deplorable state of Russian science as a whole, and also seriously hit the reproduction of the country's scientific potential.

.The final formation of Russia as an exclusively resource power led to the fact that all domestic and foreign investments went only to the resource sector of the economy. Such a “habit” has an extremely detrimental effect on the state of the Russian economy, since the state is directly interested in increasing the raw material sector of the economy, which is the main source of budget revenue, and, in fact, the state itself creates such conditions under which investments fall only into the raw material sector, bypassing all the others.

.The lack of a detailed legal framework contributes to the deterioration of the business climate in the country, and the consequence of this is the low business activity of domestic entrepreneurs (compared to the countries of Western Europe and the USA).

Obviously, the problems of development of Russian enterprises along the path of introducing new technologies directly depend on the policy pursued by the state. Without a doubt, modern state policy can be aimed exclusively at the accelerated development of science-intensive, high-tech sectors of the economy, educational systems, information and transport infrastructure, which simplifies exchanges, reduces transaction costs, providing long-term national competitive advantages. The world experience of the state economic policy of the 20th century identified three vectors of its orientation: export, national (development of the domestic market) and strategic, associated with the targeted limitation of the use of its own non-renewable resources (oil, gas, forests, etc.). An example of the first vector is given by South Korea and modern China, which already today combines two directions, the second - by France and Japan of the last quarter of the 20th century, the third - by the USA and OPEC countries. At the same time, the differentiation of economic growth rates of individual states is increasing and, as a result, the gap between the levels of scientific and technological development of national economies. Thus, the top five countries - the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Great Britain - currently spend more on R&D than all other countries of the world combined, and the US share in this group exceeds 50%. By industrial policy we mean a set of legal, organizational, economic and managerial measures aimed at creating conditions for the effective functioning of production structures and ensuring productivity growth, output and employment, developed by federal and regional governments.

The description of the specific steps of the state in the implementation of its policy regarding the development of incentives for the creation of innovative industries was too complicated for this work. I can only describe the main directions in which steps should have been taken to develop new technologies in Russia. I believe that real support for science at all government levels should be the beginning of innovation support. The development of science should become the main priority of the state for the next decade, otherwise Russia will not regain its competitiveness in the markets of science-intensive products. It is also necessary to gain the confidence of foreign investors in Russian research centers. This can be achieved through state funding of important scientific projects with wide practical application. If such studies are successful, investors will understand the prospects of investing in R&D in Russia, as it has a huge, but completely unused scientific potential. At the first steps of the formation of an innovative economy in Russia, it would be advisable to pursue a policy of protectionism, since at the early stages of formation it will be extremely difficult for Russian innovative enterprises to compete with foreign firms even in the domestic market due to the lack of sufficient experience in working with innovative developments.

I believe that state assistance is simply necessary in the early stages of the formation of an innovative economy, but later, when the results of the policy being pursued are evident, it will be necessary to curtail state assistance, returning to the market the right to decide who will stay and who will not.

Conclusion

century can be safely called the century of innovative development. New technologies from the beginning of human economic activity have had an impact on the development of the economy. But it was this century that presented enterprises with a choice: to modernize or disappear under the pressure of more technically and technologically equipped competitors. From now on, new technologies have become the dominant factor in the development of the economy. The problem of innovative development of the economy is especially acute in Russia, whose economic system does not at all meet the standards of an innovative economy. Russia continues to live by selling its own non-renewable resources, every day losing more and more opportunities to regain its leading position in the world market. The funds that the country receives from the sale of resources must be invested in the development of science, promising innovative enterprises. Even in the short term, these investments will pay off, because I believe that the unrealized Russian potential will be able to make breakthrough achievements in all areas of science. This will certainly give a powerful impetus to the development of the economy as a whole. However, this requires political will and a detailed policy of the state, which so far can only be dreamed of. In the meantime, Russia continues to lag behind the developing countries, losing positions every year, which, perhaps, will never be able to return. The leadership of the Russian Federation must understand the obvious truth, which is applicable both to economic entities and to entire states: whoever does not modernize disappears.

Bibliography

economics technological industrial

II. Monographs, collective works, collections of scientific papers:

Sukharev O.S. Economics of technological development - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008 - 480 p.; ill.

Makarov V.L. Knowledge Economy: Lessons for Russia // Russia and the Modern World. - 2004.

Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development.

Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. - M.: VlaDar, 1993

III. Articles from periodicals:

Application No. 1

Table 1

Technological development stage number Term covered by the technological development stage Industries that provide the basic technologies of the stage and energy supply of the technological development stage Infrastructure of the technological development stage First 1790-1840 Textile industry, water, steam, coal energy Dirt roads, horseback riding on land and sailing ships on the sea, postal couriersSecond1830-1890Railway transport, mechanization of production processes, the use of a steam engine. The appearance of the first joint-stock companies as new organizational and legal forms of businessRailways, world shippingThird1880-1940Development of heavy engineering, electrical and chemical industries. Based on electricity, internal combustion engines and the development of oil fields. Competition has a monopolistic nature: trusts, cartels, etc. Telephone, telegraph, radio, electrical networks. Fourth 1930-1990 Development of mass production, gas and oil energy, nuclear power plants, communications, new materials, electronics, software, computers are developing. TNCs are being created, competition is oligopolistic High-speed highways, aviation, gas pipelines, television development FifthMid-1980s - present Microelectronics, informatics, high electronic technologies, biotechnology, genetic engineering, synthetic materials, commercial space exploration. Association of large and small firms into single chains, technopolises, cities of science, technology parks, new quality management systems, investments, supplies, repairs and operation of technical facilitiesComputer networks, telecommunications, satellite communications, electronic media, new types of nuclear power plants, a large number of power plants producing "green energy".

FGOBU HPE "FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"

for a student's coursework

Faculty ______________________________ Group ______________

FULL NAME. student ______________________________________________

Subject ________________________________________________________

No. p / pQualitative characteristics of workMax. scoreFact. score I. Evaluation of the work according to formal criteria: 301. Compliance with the deadlines for the completion of the work by stages of writing 42. Appearance of the work and the correctness of the design of the work 23. The presence of a correctly drawn up plan 24. The presence of internal rubrication of sections and subsections 25. Indication of pages in the work plan and their numbering in the text26. in the text of footnotes and references27.Correctness of citation and formatting of quotations38.Clearness and quality of illustrative material39.Availability and quality of additional applications310.Correctness of the list of used materials511.Use of foreign literature in the text of the work and in the list of references2II.Evaluation of the work by content:701.Relevance of the problem42 .The logical structure of the work and its reflection in the plan 23. The depth of rubrication and the balance of sections 24. The quality of the introduction 55. Indication of research objectives 36. Indication of research methods 27. Correspondence of the content of the work with the stated topic 68. Correspondence of the content of sections to their titles 29. Logical connection between sections 3 10. Degree of independence in presentation 1311. The presence of elements of scientific novelty 313. The connection of work with Russian problems 514. The ability to draw conclusions 1015. The quality of drawing up a conclusion 516. Knowledge of the latest literature 517. The presence of errors of a fundamental nature - 35

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