Lab #2

Calculation of the standard for the maximum (normative) allowable discharge (MPD) of pollutants into surface water bodies

Objective: 1. to study the methodology for calculating the MPD standard for pollutants into surface water bodies;

2. determine the dependence of the value of the standard MPD on the flow of wastewater.

Theoretical part

Maximum (normative) allowable discharge- the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for discharge with the established regime at a given point of a water body per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point.

Discharge of wastewater from sources of pollution (enterprises, livestock complexes) should be carried out in accordance with the value of the established MPD standard. The discharge of pollutants into water bodies within the established MPD does not harm the environment, thereby ensuring environmental safety in the course of economic activity of the source of pollution.

The MPD (VAT) standard depends on the assimilating capacity of the water body and is set separately for each wastewater outlet.

In accordance with the "Methodology for calculating the standards for maximum allowable discharges (MPD) of pollutants into surface water bodies with wastewater" of 2004, MPD standards and limits for pollutant discharges are set according to the following water quality indicators:

1. properties of water (organoleptic, physical, physico-chemical, chemical, biological);

2. generalized indicators (hydrogen index, general mineralization, permanganate oxidizability, oil products (total), phenol index);

3. chemical compounds and ions that exist in the aquatic environment.

MPD standards for permanent sources of pollution are established for the period:

1. up to 5 years for existing facilities, as well as for designed facilities, starting from the date of their commissioning;

2. for facilities under construction and reconstruction - for the full volume of commissioned capacities - until the next capacity is commissioned.

For periodic sources of pollution, MPD standards are set for a period of not more than 3 years.

Calculation of the MPD standard for a separate release into a watercourse

The MPD standard for a separate wastewater outlet is calculated as the product of the wastewater flow q (m 3 / h) and the permissible concentration of the pollutant С MPD (g/m 3):

PDS = q × S PDS (1)

1.1 Calculation of the permissible concentration of a pollutant (With MPD)

Permissible concentration of a pollutant (With MPD) is calculated:

a) for conservative substances according to the formula (2)

С MPC = С f + n×(С MPC – С f), (2)

b) for non-conservative substances according to the formula (5)

C MPC \u003d C f + n × (C MPC × e kt - C f). (3)

where C MPC is the maximum allowable concentration of a pollutant in the water of a watercourse, g/m 3 ;

С f - background concentration of the pollutant in the watercourse above the discharge of wastewater, g/m 3 ;

k - nonconservative coefficient, 1/day;

t - travel time from the place of wastewater discharge to the settlement site, days.

n - the multiplicity of the total dilution of wastewater in the watercourse.

conservative are substances that do not undergo changes in water due to chemical and hydrological processes, a decrease in their concentration occurs as a result of dilution. These include suspended solids, iron, zinc, and copper.

non-conservative Substances are substances whose concentration in water decreases both due to dilution and due to chemical and hydrobiological processes. These include ammonium nitrogen, nitrates, petroleum products, phenols, surfactants.

If the pollutant belongs to the group of indicators of water properties according to general requirements (suspended solids, BOD, dry residue), then:

1. if C f< С ПДК, С ПДС рассчитывается по формуле (2,3);

2. if C f< С ст < С ПДК, С ПДС = С ст

If the pollutant belongs to the group of toxic indicators (TLV), then initially it is necessary to determine the background load of the river according to the formula 3a

If the obtained value is greater than 1, then the PDS is taken from the background conservation condition. Those. C PDS \u003d C f

For a group of substances with LS of the fishery indicator C, MPD is calculated using the formula (2.3). However, in the case when the calculated value C PDS > C st, C PDS is taken equal to C st.

Calculation of the multiplicity of the total dilution of wastewater in the watercourse (n)

The multiplicity of the general dilution is equal to the product of the multiplicity of the initial dilution n n by the multiplicity of the main dilution n o:

n = n n ×n o (4)

The initial dilution is calculated in accordance with the methodology of the following cases:

1. for pressure concentrated and dispersing outlets at a ratio of river water velocities V p and wastewater velocity from the outlet V st. (V st. ³ 4 × V p);

2. at absolute velocities of the jet outflow from the outlet more than 2 m/s.

Otherwise n = n 0 .

1.3 Basic dilution factor (n 0)

The multiplicity of the main dilution n 0 is determined by the method of V.A. Frolova and I.D. Rodziller.

1) The mixing ratio is determined:

where α is the coefficient taking into account the hydraulic conditions in the river (6);

where φ is the tortuosity coefficient (the ratio of the distance to the control point along the fairway to the distance along the straight line)

x is a coefficient depending on the place of wastewater discharge (when discharged near the shore x =1, when discharged into the middle of the river x =1.5);

D is the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, m2/s.

2) The turbulent diffusion coefficient is determined.

- for summer time according to the formula:

(8)

where g is the free fall acceleration, g = 9.81 m / s 2;

n w is the roughness coefficient of the river bed,

C is the Shezy coefficient, m 1/2 / s, determined by the formula of N.N. Pavlovsky (9)

where R is the hydraulic radius of the flow, m (R » H);

-for winter time (freeze period)

(10)

where R pr, n pr, C pr are the reduced values of the hydraulic radius, roughness coefficient and Chezy coefficient;

n pr \u003d n w 0.67

where n l is the roughness coefficient of the lower surface of the ice.

3) The ratio of the main dilution is determined by the formula (11):

2 . Calculation of the MPD standard for a separate release into a reservoir

The MPD standard for a separate release into a water body is calculated by formula (1), similarly to the calculation of the MPD for a separate release into a watercourse.

The calculation of the allowable concentration of a pollutant (C MPD) is carried out for conservative and non-conservative substances according to formulas (2.3).

FEDERAL SUPERVISION SERVICE
IN THE SPHERE OF NATURE MANAGEMENT

DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE, ODOUR, COLOR (COLOR)
AND TRANSPARENCY IN WASTEWATER, INCLUDING
TREATED WASTE, STORM AND FLOW

PND F 12.16.1-10

MOSCOW
(Edition 2015)

APPLICATION AREA

These guidelines are intended to determine the temperature, color (color), dilution factor at which the color disappears in a column of 10 cm, odor and transparency in wastewater 1, including treated wastewater, stormwater (atmospheric) and melted water.

_________

1 Wastewater from a centralized water disposal system (sewage, city wastewater) is water received from subscribers into centralized water disposal systems, as well as rain, melt, infiltration, watering, drainage water, if the centralized water disposal system is designed to receive such water (Federal Law No. 07.12.2011 No. 416-FZ "On water supply and sanitation").

Waste water (drainage) - water discharged after use in domestic and industrial human activities (GOST 17.1.1.01);

City wastewater - a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater, approved for admission to the city sewer (GOST 25150).

(Regulatory-)treated wastewater - wastewater, the discharge of which, after treatment, into water bodies does not lead to a violation of water quality standards in a controlled site or water use point (GOST 17.1.1.01).

Wastewater is rainwater, meltwater, infiltration, watering, drainage water, wastewater from a centralized sewerage system and other water, the discharge (discharge) of which into water bodies is carried out after their use or the runoff of which is carried out from the catchment area (“Water Code Russian Federation"of 03.06.2006 No. 74-FZ).

Indicators characterizing the properties of substances that are perceived by the human senses (vision, smell) are called organoleptic. The determination of color (color), smell and transparency refers to organoleptic methods, the determination of temperature - to physical methods.

For temperature measurement hot water centralized hot water supply systems should be guided by the Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354 Moscow “On the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings”, as well as SanPiN 2.1.4.2496 “Hygienic requirements for ensuring the safety of hot water supply systems”.

1 CONDITIONS FOR SAFE WORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

1.1 When performing analyzes, it is necessary to comply with safety requirements when working with chemical reagents in accordance with GOST 12.1.007.

1.2 Electrical safety when working with electrical installations in accordance with GOST R 12.1.019.

1.3 Organization of training of workers in labor safety in accordance with GOST 12.0.004. When working on wastewater treatment facilities, it is necessary to apply measures that exclude direct contact of workers with wastewater. Sampling of water from structures should be carried out from sampling lines or from working sites, the arrangement of which should ensure safety during sampling.

1.4 The laboratory room must comply with fire safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.1.004 and have fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with GOST 12.4.009.

1.5 The content of harmful substances in the air should not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations in accordance with GOST 12.1.005.

1.6 When performing analysis in the laboratory, the following conditions must be met:

Monitoring of environmental conditions must be carried out constantly during organoleptic analysis; to fulfill this requirement, appropriate measuring instruments (thermometers, hygrometers, etc.) must be available in the laboratory premises.

Illumination in the place for organoleptic analysis (assessment) should be at least 400 lux.

1.7 When using devices with mercury filling in the organization, a special instruction for the operation of labor devices at the studied control objects should be developed and approved, taking into account the requirements of the current rules on labor protection when using mercury.

2 OPERATOR QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

A specialist with special secondary education or without special education, who has at least three months of work experience in the laboratory and who has mastered this technique, is allowed to perform measurements and process their results.

To determine the temperature at the sampling site, this procedure can be carried out directly by a sampler who has previously read the instructions for a thermometer calibrated in an appropriate way and is allowed to work with it.

To perform measurements in an accredited laboratory, employees are allowed who meet the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Economic Development of Russia) dated May 30, 2014 No. Moscow "On approval of the Accreditation Criteria, a list of documents confirming the compliance of the applicant, accredited person with the accreditation criteria, and a list of documents in the field of standardization, compliance with the requirements of which by applicants, accredited persons ensures their compliance with the accreditation criteria.

The laboratory should organize a procedure for checking the visual and tactile abilities of workers in accordance with the procedure developed in the laboratory. Particular attention should be paid to checking the ability of the examiner to correctly perceive color and smell, for which reference samples prepared in-house should be used (GOST R 53701 "Guidelines for the use of GOST R ISO / IEC 17025 in laboratories using sensory analysis"). This procedure must be repeated multiple times, as perceptual abilities may change over time.

3 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE

3.1 MEASUREMENT METHOD

Water temperature is one of the most important characteristics that largely determines the direction and trend of changes in water quality during various chemical, biochemical and hydrobiological processes. Temperature values are used in calculations in various measurement procedures.

Measuring the wastewater temperature during sampling is an essential part of the analysis, as the water temperature is a rapidly changing indicator over time.

Temperature values are used in calculations in some measurement methods, in assessing the correctness of sample analysis, in the analysis of thermal pollution of water bodies, which is caused by the discharge of heated wastewater by industrial enterprises (a type of industrial pollution that leads to a decrease in the content of dissolved oxygen, a violation of biological balance).

According to Appendix No. 3 to the Rules for Cold Water Supply and Sanitation (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2013 No. “On Approval of the Rules for Cold Water Supply and Sanitation and on Amendments to Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation”), the temperature of wastewater discharged into water bodies should not exceed 40 °C, since a higher temperature leads to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water, which adversely affects the life of the organisms living in the reservoir.

3.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND TABLEWARE

Mercury-in-glass thermometer with division value not more than 0.1 °С and measurement range from 0

Liquid glass thermometer with division value not more than 0.5 °C in accordance with GOST 28498-90

Bottle (glass or polyethylene) for sampling or enamel bucket for sampling

Note.

It is allowed to use other types of measuring instruments with technical characteristics not worse than those indicated, including imported ones. In this case, the metrological requirements for measurements are prescribed in the operational documentation for the measuring instrument.

The test equipment must be used strictly in accordance with the instructions for use, including periodic qualification and maintenance.

3.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

3.3.1 GOST 31861 “Water. General requirements to sampling."

3.3.2 Temperature measurement is carried out directly in the outlet device (well, gutter, etc.) or in a vessel with a capacity of at least 1 dm 3 immediately after sampling.

3.3.3 Sampling must be carried out by personnel who know the rules of sampling, in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

3.4 MEASUREMENTS

Before measuring the wastewater temperature, the air temperature is determined - in accordance with the "List of measurements related to the scope of state regulation of the uniformity of measurements and performed in the course of activities in the field of environmental protection and mandatory requirements for them, including accuracy indicators", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources dated December 7, 2012 No. 425, maximum permissible error in ambient temperature measurements (±0.5 °С). The temperature is recorded and recorded in the sampling report.

The temperature of the wastewater is measured where conditions permit by immersing the thermometer in water (direct sunlight must be dimmed).

If it is impossible to perform a measurement in the outlet device, then 1 dm 3 of water is poured into a bottle, the temperature of which was previously brought by immersion in water to the temperature of the water being tested. The lower part of the thermometer is immersed in water and the temperature is read after a constant reading of the thermometer is established, without removing it from the water. The water temperature is determined at the time of sampling using a thermometer.

Temperature readings are taken from the upper edge of the mercury in the thermometer capillary when using a mercury alcohol thermometer - when using an alcohol thermometer).

The walls of the bottle must be protected from heat (sun rays, other heat sources, wrapping in white paper, cloth or foil) and from cooling.

If the temperature of the samples and the environment differ significantly (some wastewater), do not expect the mercury column to become constant. Record the highest thermometer reading when the measured water temperature is above ambient temperature, or the lowest thermometer reading when the water temperature is below ambient temperature.

The measurements carried out are direct measurements with a single observation. Air and water temperatures are indicated in degrees Celsius rounded to the nearest 0.1 °C. The sign is put only at temperatures below zero. The result of temperature measurements is presented as: X± ∆ °С.

4 ODOR DETERMINATION OF WASTEWATER

Carrying out work to determine the smell requires compliance with the following conditions:

The air in the room where the determination is carried out must be odorless, the research room must be located separately from the sample preparation room (in accordance with clause 5.3. GOST ISO / IEC 17025, adjacent areas where incompatible work is carried out must be reliably are isolated from each other, and measures must be taken to prevent mutual influence);

It must be ensured that there is no foreign smell from the hands, clothing of the analyst, or the interior of the room.

Measuring cylinders with a capacity of 100 cm 3 in accordance with GOST 1770

Any type of water bath capable of maintaining temperatures of (20 ± 2) °C and (60 ± 2) °C

Activated carbon

Column with granular activated carbon

watch glass

Graduated pipettes with a capacity of 2 accuracy class 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm 3 in accordance with GOST 29227 or pipette dispensers of variable volume in accordance with GOST 28311

Sampling and storage bottles

4.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

4.3.1 Sampling is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31861 “Water. General requirements for sampling" into labeled containers that allow you to clearly identify the samples taken.

4.3.2 A water sample for odor determination is poured from the sampling device into bottles with a capacity of at least 500 cm 3, filling it to the brim, and hermetically sealed. The determination must be carried out no later than 6 hours after sampling.

4.4 PREPARING TO PERFORM A DETERMINATION

Preparation of dilution water (odorless)

4.4.1 Odorless dilution water is prepared by passing tap water through a granular activated carbon column at low speed. Distilled water should not be used, because. it often has a peculiar smell.

4.4.2 To prepare odorless diluting water, you can also shake tap water with activated carbon in a flask (0.6 g per 1 dm 3), followed by filtering through cotton wool.

4.5 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

4.5.1. Determination of the nature and intensity of the smell

The nature of the smell is examined at temperatures of (20 ± 2) °С and (60 ± 2) °С. To do this, 100 cm 3 of the investigated water at 20 ° C is poured into a wide-mouth flask with a capacity of 250 cm 3, covered with a watch glass or a ground cork, shaken with a rotational movement, open the cork or shift the watch glass to the side and quickly determine the organoleptic character and intensity of the smell or his absence. The flask is then heated to 60°C in a water bath and the odor is also evaluated.

The nature of the smell is determined in accordance with the table

The nature of the smell	An example of a description of the type of smell
Fragrant or spicy	Cucumber, floral
Chloric	free chlorine
Bolotny	muddy, muddy
Chemical	Industrial waste water
hydrocarbon	Effluent from oil refineries
Drug	Phenol and iodoform
moldy	Damp basement
Putrefactive	Fecal, sewage
Woody	The smell of sputum chips, wood
Earthy	Mature, freshly plowed land
Fish	fish oil, fish
Sulfur	Rotten eggs, hydrogen sulfide
Grassy	Hay, cut grass
Uncertain	The smell does not match the previous definitions

The odor intensity in points or verbally is determined in accordance with the table.

Points	Odor intensity characteristic
	The smell is not felt
	Very weak
	Weak
	Perceptible
	Distinct
	Very strong

4.5.2. Determination of odor intensity by dilution method

The threshold odor intensity is determined at temperatures of 20 °C and 60 °C.

In a 500 ml conical flask, 200 cm 3 of odor-free water (control) is placed. In a number of other flasks, pre-rinsed with diluting water, test water is placed in an amount of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 cm 3 and the volume is adjusted to 200 cm 3 with odor-free water. The flasks are closed, their contents are thoroughly mixed. Then the flasks are opened sequentially, one after the other, starting with the highest dilution. The highest dilution at which the odor still persists is noted - this is considered the threshold odor intensity. The dilution at which the smell disappeared is also determined. In this case, it is necessary that the absence of odor be ascertained in at least the two largest dilutions.

Higher dilutions are possible when analyzing heavily polluted wastewater.

The degree of dilution of such a multiplicity at which the smell is detected only approximately determines its intensity. The resulting dilution is used to prepare a further series of samples, which are diluted as described above to determine the exact dilution factor.

The threshold intensity of the odor of the test water is calculated by the formula:

where V- the volume of the sample taken to prepare the mixture in which a noticeable odor was detected, cm 3 .

The results of the determinations are expressed descriptively, giving data on the presence / absence of odor, the nature of the predominant or typical odor and, if necessary, an assessment of the odor intensity in accordance with the table.

When determining the threshold intensity, record the maximum dilution at which the smell is still noticeable, or the value of I calculated by the formula.

5 DETERMINATION OF THE COLOR (COLOR) OF WASTE WATER, THE REDUCTION OF DILUTION AT WHICH THE COLOR IN A 10 CM COLUMN DISAPPEARS

5.1 METHOD OF DETERMINATION

Wastewater color determination is carried out visually and is characterized by describing the color and shades of the water sample.

Determining the color (color) of water is important when calculating the degree of dilution of wastewater.

The color (colour) is determined after sedimentation of the suspended solids or in a filtered sample, since the suspended solids themselves can be colored and can cause the observed color of the water.

5.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, WAREHOUSES, MATERIALS

Glass cylinders with a capacity of 50 cm 3 (with a marked height of 10 cm) and 100 cm 3 in accordance with GOST 1770

Glass with a capacity of 100 cm 3 according to GOST 1770

Glass glasses with a capacity of 250 cm 3 according to GOST 1770

Sample bottles

Ashless filters "blue tape" TU 6-09-1678

Paper white, coated, matte

5.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

GOST 31861 “Water. General requirements for sampling" into labeled containers that allow you to clearly identify the samples taken. For analysis, at least 250 cm 3 samples are taken, the determination is carried out within 6 hours from the moment of selection. The sample cannot be stored.

5.4 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

The color (color) of waste water is determined qualitatively (after settling 100 cm 3 of the sample in a glass for at least 2 hours) by describing the color and shades of the color of the sample relative to white: light yellow, brown, dark brown, yellow-green, yellow , orange, red, magenta, purple, blue, blue-green, etc.

To determine the degree of dilution (the dilution ratio at which the color disappears in a column of 10 cm), cylinders of colorless glass with a capacity of 50 cm 3 are placed on a sheet of white paper. The first one is filled with waste water filtered through the “blue tape” filter (layer height 10 cm), the second - the same amount of distilled water, the others - diluted waste water in the ratio 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1: 4 etc. A dilution is found such that, when viewed from above through the water, the paper in the second and last cylinders looks equally white. A description is then given of the color or shade of the color of the water sample in the first cylinder and the dilution at which the color will disappear (in the last cylinder) is indicated.

For example, the greenish color disappears at a 1:10 dilution. The dilution factor at which the color disappears in a column of 10 cm is 10.

6 DETERMINATION OF TRANSPARENCY OF WASTEWATER BY FONT

6.1 METHOD OF DETERMINATION

The transparency of water depends on the presence of suspended particles (mechanical suspended solids, chemical (colloidal) impurities, iron salts, microorganisms, etc.) and is determined by reading a well-lit font through a column of water poured into a glass cylinder, on which a measurement scale is applied in centimeters, with a flat bottom (Snellen method). At the same time, the thickness of the layer (height of the column) of water is determined, through which it is possible to read the text printed in typographic font.

6.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, WARE

Household refrigerator of any type, providing storage of samples and solutions at a temperature of (2 - 10) °C

Cylinder Snellen-300 (drawing AKG.5.886.013 SK, division value 5 mm)

Or a glass cylinder (diameter about 20 - 25 mm) with a flat transparent bottom, with a scale of at least 30 cm, divided into linear millimeters. The cylinder must have a stand, at least 4 cm high

Sample bottles

Sample font (any text printed in letters 3.5 mm high and 0.35 mm thick lines).

Sheet of white matte paper

6.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

Sampling is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31861 “Water. General requirements for sampling" into labeled containers that allow you to clearly identify the samples taken. To determine the transparency of water, at least 250 cm 3 is taken. The selected sample cannot be stored for more than 6 hours at a temperature of (2 - 6) °C.

6.4 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

To determine the transparency of water in the laboratory, they use a special cylinder with a tap at the bottom or equipped with a siphon that reaches the bottom. On the wall of the cylinder, divisions in centimeters should be applied, starting from the bottom. The height of the graduated part is at least 30 cm.

Before determination, the water to be studied is shaken and poured into the cylinder to a mark, presumably corresponding to the transparency of the water, then the cylinder is set so that its bottom is 4 cm above the font.

A sheet of white paper with printed type with a letter height of 3.5 mm is placed under the bottom of the cylinder. The sheet with the type should be at a distance of 4 cm from the bottom of the cylinder.

Sample text for defining transparency:

"This standard establishes methods for determining the general physical properties of domestic drinking water: smell, taste and taste, temperature, transparency, turbidity, suspended solids and color 5 4 1 7 8 3 0 9."

Further, by adding or draining water from the cylinder, the height of the water column is set, at which reading the font through the water column from above is still possible. To do this, excess water is drained through a tap or siphon, reaching the bottom, with continuous stirring with a glass rod.

The determination of transparency should be carried out in a well-lit room, but not in direct sunlight. The height of the liquid column is measured on a scale. Add the shaken liquid again and repeat the determination to the nearest 0.5 cm.

The result is expressed in centimeters as the arithmetic mean of two measurements of the height of the water layer in the cylinder at two determinations of transparency. Transparency is expressed in centimeters of column height with an accuracy of 0.5 cm.

If necessary, it is possible to determine transparency in a settled water sample, for example, to characterize the operation of aerotanks.

Determining the hazard class of waste by biotesting

Daphnia have the most important indicator value among animals at the cellular level of organization. They have an advantage over other groups of protozoans (sarcodes and flagellates) because their species composition and abundance most clearly correspond to each level of environmental saprophobicity, they are highly sensitive to environmental changes and have a clearly expressed reaction to these changes, are relatively large in size and quickly multiply. Using these features of Daphnia, it is possible to establish the level of saprobity of the aquatic environment with a certain degree of accuracy without involving other indicator organisms for this purpose.

Determination of the toxicity of water and water extracts from waste by the mortality of daphnia

The methodological guide includes biotesting methods using crustaceans and algae as test objects.

The technique is based on determining changes in the survival and fertility of Daphnia when exposed to toxic substances contained in the tested water compared to the control.

Short-term biotesting - up to 96 hours - allows you to determine the acute toxic effect of water on daphnia by their survival. The survival indicator is the average number of test objects that survived in the test water or in the control for a certain time. The criterion for acute toxicity is the death of 50 or more percent of Daphnia over a period of time up to 96 hours in the test water, provided that in the control experiment the death does not exceed 10%.

In experiments to determine the acute toxic effect, an average lethal concentration of individual substances is established that causes the death of 50% or more of test organisms (LCR) and a harmless concentration that causes the death of no more than 10% of test organisms (BCR).

Long-term biotesting - 20 or more days - allows you to determine the chronic toxic effect of water on daphnia by reducing their survival and fertility. The survival indicator is the average number of original Daphnia females that survived during the bioassay. The criterion of toxicity is a significant difference from the control of the survival rate or fertility of Daphnia.

The starting material for cultivation (Daphnia) is obtained from biotesting laboratories that have a culture of the required species (Daphnia magna Straus).

Biotesting of water and water extracts is carried out only on a synchronized culture of daphnia. Synchronized is a coeval culture obtained from one female by acyclic parthenogenesis in the third generation. Such a culture is genetically homogeneous. The crustaceans, its components, have similar levels of resistance to toxic substances, mature at the same time and at the same time give genetically homogeneous offspring. A synchronized culture is obtained by selecting one medium-sized female with a brood chamber filled with embryos and placed in a 250 ml beaker filled with 200 ml culture water. The emerging juveniles are transferred to the crystallizer (25 individuals per 1 dm3 of water) and cultivated. The resulting third generation is a synchronized culture and can be used for biotesting.

Daphnia need to provide a combined yeast-algae diet. Green algae of the genera Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Selenastrum are used as food.

Algae are cultivated in glass cuvettes, battery glasses or flat-bottomed flasks with round-the-clock illumination by fluorescent lamps of 3000 lux and constant blowing of the culture with air using microcompressors. After 7-10 days, when the color of the algae culture becomes intensely green, they are separated from the nutrient medium by centrifugation or settling in a refrigerator for 2-3 days. The precipitate is diluted twice with distilled water. The suspension is stored in the refrigerator for no more than 14 days.

To prepare yeast feed, 1 g of fresh or 0.3 g of air-dry yeast is poured into 100 ml of distilled water. After swelling, the yeast is thoroughly mixed. The resulting suspension is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. The missing liquid is added to the vessels with daphnia in the amount of 3 ml per 1 liter of water. The yeast solution will keep in the refrigerator for up to two days.

Daphnia in the acute experiment is fed daily, once a day, adding 1.0 cm3 of algal suspension concentrated or diluted twice with distilled water per 100 cm3 of cultivation water.

In the chronic experiment, 0.1-0.2 ml of yeast suspension per 100 ml of water is additionally added 1-2 times a week.

Wastewater samples for biotesting are taken according to the instructions for sampling for wastewater analysis NVN 33-5.3.01-85; industry standards or other regulatory documents. Samples of natural water are taken according to GOST 17.1.5.05-85. Soil sampling, transportation and storage are carried out in accordance with GOST 12071-84.

Biotesting of water samples is carried out no later than 6 hours after their selection. If the specified period cannot be observed, the samples are stored for up to two weeks with the lid open at the bottom of the refrigerator (at +4°C). Preservation of samples with chemical preservatives is not allowed. Before biotesting, the samples are filtered through filter paper with a pore size of 3.5–10 µm.

For biotesting, an aqueous extract is prepared from the selected samples of sewage sludge and waste, for this, water used for cultivation is added to the leaching vessel, where the air-dry weight of the waste or sewage sludge with an absolutely dry weight of 100 ± 1 g is located. . Water is added in the ratio of 1000 cm of water per 100 g of absolutely dry mass.

The mixture should be stirred gently on a stirrer for 7-8 hours so that the solid is in suspension. It is unacceptable to crush particles of waste or sediment during mixing. A magnetic stirrer is used, and the stirring speed should be the lowest at which the material is kept in suspension.

After mixing, the solution with the precipitate is left for 10-12 hours to settle. The liquid above the precipitate is then siphoned.

Filtration is carried out through a "white ribbon" filter on a Buchner funnel using a low vacuum.

The biotesting procedure is carried out not earlier than 6 hours after the preparation of the extract from the sediment, waste. If this is not possible, then the extract can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 48 hours.

Water extract should have pH=7.0-8.2. If necessary, samples are neutralized. After neutralization, the samples are aerated for 10-20 minutes. Before biotesting, the temperature of the sample is brought to 20 ± 2C.

To determine the acute toxic effect, biotesting of the initial test water is carried out or water extract from soil, sewage sludge, waste and several dilutions thereof.

The determination of the toxicity of each sample without dilution and each dilution is carried out in three parallel series. As a control, three parallel series with cultivation water are used.

Biotesting is carried out in chemical beakers with a volume of 150-200 cm 3, which are filled with 100 cm 3 of the test water, ten daphnia aged 6-24 hours are placed in them. The sensitivity of daphnia to toxicants depends on the age of the crustaceans. The age is determined by the size of the crustaceans and is ensured by filtering the crustaceans through a set of sieves. Daphnia are caught from cultivators in which a synchronized crop is grown. Equal-aged crustaceans are planted in a separate glass after they are filtered through a set of sieves, and then they are caught one by one with a 2 cm pipette (with a sawn and singed end) with a rubber pear and put into a glass with the water under study.

Daphnia planting begins with a control series. Daphnia are placed in the studied solutions, starting from higher dilutions (lower concentrations of pollutants) to lower dilutions. To work with a series of controls, there must be a separate net.

For each series of test water, 3 beakers are used.

Daphnia mortality in the experiment and control is recorded every hour until the end of the first day of the experiment, and then 2 times a day, every day until the end of 96 hours.

An immobile specimen is considered dead if it does not begin to move within 15 seconds of a slight rocking of the glass.

If the death of daphnia in the control exceeds 10%, the results of the experiment are not taken into account, and it must be repeated.

To determine the acute toxicity of the test waters, water extract, the percentage of daphnia killed in the test water is calculated compared to the control:

where X is the number of surviving daphnia in control; X is the number of surviving daphnia in the tested water; A is the percentage of dead daphnia in the tested water.

At A?10%, the tested water or water extract does not have an acute toxic effect (ACR). At A≤50%, the tested water, water extract has an acute toxic effect (ACR).

If experimentally it is not possible to establish the exact value of the dilution factor that causes 50% death of Daphnia in 96 hours of exposure, then to obtain the exact value of LCR without performing additional experiments, a graphical or non-graphical method of determination is used.

With the graphical method for determining LCR, in order to obtain a linear dependence on the graph, probit analysis is used. The results of experiments to establish an acute toxic effect from the working log are entered in table 1. The values of probits are set according to table 2. Table 3 contains the values of probits for the experimentally determined percentage of death of daphnia and the values of decimal logarithms for the studied concentrations of wastewater, water extracts from soils, precipitation sewage, waste.

According to the values of probits (Table 2.8) and decimal logarithms from the experimentally obtained data (Table 2.7), a graph is plotted, the values of the logarithms of the percentage concentrations of the studied waters are plotted along the abscissa axis, and the values of the percent death of daphnia are plotted along the ordinate axis. The experimental data are entered into the coordinate system, and a straight line is drawn through the points.

On the graph, a straight line is drawn parallel to the logarithmic axis of concentrations (lgC) from the point corresponding to the breakout value of 5, which corresponds to 50% death of Daphnia (from Table 2). From the point of intersection of the straight lines with the graph of the dependence of the breakdown value of the inhibition of the test parameter on the logarithm of the concentrations and get the value of the logarithm of the concentrations of the studied waters, aqueous extracts, corresponding to the LCR.

The obtained bioassay data are entered into a table, the entry form of which is presented in Table 2.7

Table- 2.7 Form for recording the results of determining the acute toxicity of wastewater

The values of probits for the experimentally determined mortality of daphnia from 0 to 99% are presented in Table 2.8

Table -2.8 Value of breaks

With the non-graphical method for determining the LCR, the decimal logarithm of the concentration of the studied wastewater is denoted by x, and the numerical values of the death rates of daphnia are denoted by y. As a result, we get a linear relationship:

The numerical values of the coefficients k and b are calculated by the formulas:

The obtained logarithm of the percentage concentration of the test water (lgC) is converted into a percentage concentration. The harmless dilution factor (BKR10-96) is calculated by dividing 100% by the percentage concentration obtained.

The hazard class is established by the dilution factor of the water extract, at which no impact on hydrobionts was detected in accordance with the following dilution factor ranges in accordance with Table 2.8

Table- 2.8 Indicators of the multiplicity of dilution of water extract

The results of determining the hazard class.

After a series of experiments, the following data were obtained on the establishment of a hazard class for enterprises in the city of Saratov and Engels.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia in order to establish a change in their fecundity for the enterprise JSC SEMP "Elektrodetal" gave the following results, presented in table 2.9. Based on the data obtained, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 219.3, which corresponds to the acute toxicity of the waste and BKR10-96 equal to 1466.2, the value of which lies in the range from 10000 to 1001, which corresponds to hazard class 2 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia for the enterprise JSC Zavod "Gazprommash" gave the following results, presented in table 2.10. Based on the data obtained, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 312.6, which corresponds to the acute toxicity of the waste and BKR10-96 equal to 910.7, the value of which lies in the range from 1000 to 101, which corresponds to hazard class 3 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia for the enterprise OJSC "Saratov Oil Refinery" gave the following results, presented in table 2.11. Based on the obtained data, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 3.8, therefore, it does not have an acute toxic effect and BKR10-96 equal to 13.7, the value of which lies in the range from 1 to 100, which corresponds to hazard class 4 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia for the enterprise CJSC "Fax-Avto", gave the following results, presented in table 2.12. Based on the data obtained, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 0.95, therefore, it does not have an acute toxic effect and BKR10-96 equal to 1.61, the value of which lies in the range from 1 to 100, which corresponds to hazard class 4 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia for the enterprise OJSC ATP-2 gave the following results, presented in table 2.13. Based on the data obtained, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 0.49, therefore, it does not have an acute toxic effect and BKR10-96 equal to 1.001, the value of which lies in the interval −1, which corresponds to hazard class 5 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

The experience set on the test objects of daphnia for the enterprise OJSC SGATP-6 gave the following results, presented in table 2.14. Based on the data obtained, IFR50-96 was calculated equal to 0.199, therefore, it does not have an acute toxic effect and BKR10-96 equal to 0.409, the value of which lies in the interval −1, which corresponds to hazard class 5 in accordance with Table 2.8 of the methodology.

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Testing of commercial hydrodynamic simulators for the correctness of modeling of gas or water coning for high-viscosity oil fields was carried out. The main trends in the convergence of results and numerical error are identified, solutions are proposed for the discreteness of the computational grid for reservoirs of various heterogeneities.

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Most of the oil fields in Western Siberia are operated at a late stage of development, which is characterized by a drop in oil production rates and an increase in water cut, while the operation is carried out using a waterflooding system. The article deals with the issues of enhanced oil recovery through the combined use of forced fluid withdrawal and non-stationary flooding. In the first case, the increase in production wells for oil occurs due to the involvement of oil in the flow from low-permeability zones of the reservoir due to an increase in drawdown and pressure drop between interlayers with different permeability in the wellbore zone of the reservoir. An increase in oil recovery during non-stationary flooding occurs due to the pressure drop in a heterogeneous reservoir during the technological half-cycles of injection wells. At the same time, in order to increase the efficiency of oil recovery from low-permeability reservoir differences, it is proposed to introduce low-concentration nonionic surfactants and alcohols into the injection process solution.

<...> <...>

EFFICIENCY OF NEW PREPARATIVE FORMS OF SULFUR AGAINST SPIDER MITE ON COTTON ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Purpose and objectives of research. The main goal of the work is to find low-toxic for warm-blooded animals, the environment, as well as beneficial insects, but highly effective against spider mites, means and methods flooded with cotton.

Plants remained free from bugs for 20 days, which made it possible to reduce the "frequency of treatments<...>and ESS, the frequency of subsequent fighter "OZ" work is reduced.

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATTLE AND MOUSE EMBRYONAL STEM CELLS IN THE SYSTEM IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE ZHI

The aim of the work was to develop a method for obtaining bovine pluripotent stem cell lines and to analyze the factors affecting their development in vivo and in vitro in comparison with mouse ES cells.

genetics of development and in the laboratory of cloning of the scientific biotechnological company "American breeding service<...>development, and in the laboratory of animal cloning of the scientific biotechnological company "American breeding service

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THE USE OF STALLIONS OF A THOROUGHBRED RIDING BREED IN THE BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ANGLO-KARACHAEV HORSES BREED GROUP ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

With low heritability, the selection of the best animals in terms of phenotype for breeding "does not" make significant changes

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#6 [Oilfield Engineering, 2015]

Dependence of the average deviation for GOR and water cut on the multiplicity of the computational grid: 1 4 - simulator 1<...>This follows from the analysis of dependences of the type "multiplicity of the computational grid - average deviation" for the water cut<...>Let us assume that the multiplicity of the computational grid is the ratio of the number of nodes of some computational grid to the number of nodes<...>An analysis of the calculation results shows that the combination of the pairs "multiplicity of the computational grid - the average deviation<...>convergence, it was found that acceptable in terms of the quality of the calculation is the use of a computational grid with a multiplicity

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#11 [Oilfield Engineering, 2014]

Technique and technology of development, production, collection, transportation, treatment of oil and gas, methods of reservoir stimulation and enhanced oil recovery, current equipment overhauls.

Change in the multiplicity of increase in oil production rates depending on the initial water cut of production by wells<...>Dependence of the multiplicity of increase in oil production rate on the water cut of products at the Pokamasovskoye field<...>initial water cut When analyzing the operation of wells with forced production, the parameter

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Relevance and goals. On the globe every year there are about 20 tons of waste for every inhabitant of the earth. The problem of waste disposal is a major international challenge. At present, pyrolysis plants are being developed and used in various countries, which allow, along with household waste, to neutralize industrial waste. Common to all pyrolysis plants is the almost complete absence of air and water pollution. A prototype of a pyrolysis plant has been manufactured at Penza State University. The purpose of this work is to study the efficiency of various waste disposal at this facility. Materials and methods. Measurements of the concentration of gaseous pollutants and dust were carried out by the Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Industrial Sanitation of the State Atomic Energy Corporation "Rosatom" Federal State Unitary Enterprise FSPC "PO "START" named after. M. V. Protsenko. A complex of biological studies to determine the degree of destruction of highly toxic waste from the initial mixture into environmentally friendly components by high-temperature pyrolysis was carried out by the State Research Institute of Industrial Ecology on the basis of the Regional Center for State Environmental Control and Monitoring Penza region. Determination of the hazard class of waste was carried out by an experimental method in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources dated June 15, 2001 No. 511 "On approval of the criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for the environment." The experimental method is based on waste biotesting. Experiments were carried out on daphnia, freshwater algae and on changes in the intensity of bacterial luminescence. Results. The results of the efficiency of the pyrolysis process for four types of industrial wastes are obtained. Studies have been carried out on the waste hazard class and dilution safety index for the initial substance and the substance obtained after pyrolysis.

Dilution factor safety index (FQR) for the original substance and the substance obtained after<...>Dilution factor safety index for the starting substance and the substance obtained after pyrolysis<...>Table 3 Required dilution of water extracts from waste samples of Mayak OJSC<...>The dilution factor safety index for the substance obtained after pyrolysis is given in Table<...>The safety index of the multiplicity of dilution for the substance obtained after pyrolysis is given in table.

Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry collection

According to the obtained LgC value, the harmless dilution factor is determined.<...> <...>impact on aquatic organisms in accordance with the following dilution ranges.<...> <...>

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No. 1 [Economics and management issues for health leaders, 2009]

Contains the most relevant materials on the theory and practice of economics, management and organization of healthcare.

means that the medical service is not provided to all patients, but only if indicated; - in the column "Multiplicity

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The article provides methodological recommendations on the use of the functionality of the BS-300 biochemical analyzer (Mindray, China), which allow to reduce the amount of manual intervention in the preparation of test samples and the construction of calibration curves, but have not been widely used in the laboratory practice of healthcare institutions of the Republic of Belarus. The article is recommended for laboratory diagnostic doctors who use this type of analyzer in their work.

It should be remembered that with an increase in the multiplicity of dilution, the sensitivity will decrease proportionally.<...>manual breeding.<...>µl of original calibrator used for dilution.<...>point of zero concentration, as well as the point of dilution 1:1.<...>manual breeding.

ACTIVATION OF THE CONTACT PATHWAY OF BLOOD COAGULATION ON CIRCULATING MICROVESICLES CAN EXPLAIN HYPERCOAGULATION WHEN PLASMA DILUTE [Electronic resource] / Panteleev, Sveshnikova // Biological membranes: Journal of membrane and cell biology.- 2017 .- No. 2 .- P. 52-67 .- Access mode : https://site/efd/589767

Recent studies have shown that contact activation of blood coagulation can be triggered on the surface of microvesicles circulating in the plasma - particles of blood cells or endothelial cells formed as a result of their activation or death. In this work, we studied the mechanism of activation of the contact pathway of blood plasma coagulation on circulating microvesicles using a mathematical model of membrane-dependent activation reactions of factors XII and XI, taking into account the presence of plasma inhibitors. All reactions are described by ordinary differential equations, which are integrated by implicit multi-step numerical integration methods. The model is a significant extension and reworking of the pure factor XII activation model on the platelet surface, while the original pure system model cannot claim to explain the considered phenomena in blood plasma. It has been shown that the amidolytic activity of contact pathway factors associated with microvesicles is proportional to the concentration of microvesicles, but when blood plasma is diluted, an increase in the total amidolytic activity of the solution is observed. By comparing the two versions of our model, it is shown that the second is due to the dilution of plasma inhibitors when the plasma is diluted. Thus, the phenomenon of plasma hypercoagulation upon dilution known from experiments can be explained by increased activation of plasma coagulation on circulating microvesicles along the contact pathway. The relevance of studying the phenomenon is due to the fact that the situation in which it manifests itself is often encountered in clinical practice when using plasma-substituting solutions. An explanation is proposed for the rapid stop of activation reactions of the contact pathway on microvesicles observed in the experiment, namely, the depletion of the free activation surface.

constructed model, a theoretical study of the influence of the concentration of microvesicles and the degree of dilution<...>The concentration of kallikrein increases with a strong saturation effect and a slight decrease at high dilutions.<...>Plasma dilution ratio 4020 60 80 100<...>, pM/s 0 50 25 75 100 10 0 20 30 40 Amidolytic activity FXIIa Kallikrein FXIa, 10 pcs/µm2 a<...>dilution of plasma 4020 60 80 100

Methods of immunological research method. directions to the lab. workshop on immunology

The main goal of teaching the discipline is the formation of detailed and modern ideas about the mechanisms of the functioning of the immune system, the conditions for the development of immunological reactions and their use for the diagnosis of infectious and other diseases, the assessment of the immune status, the formation of practical skills in performing immunological studies, the experience of setting, recording and interpreting the results of immunological reactions .

the result is evaluated according to the principle (+) or (-); or quantitative - the result is evaluated by the last titer (multiplicity<...>dilution) of antibodies still capable of inducing an agglutination reaction.<...>15 RNHA is usually carried out in a quantitative variant, the result of which is evaluated by the last titer (multiplicity<...>dilutions - 1:10; 1:20, etc.) antibodies that are still capable of causing an indirect hemagglutination reaction.<...>The titer of the test serum is considered to be its highest dilution, which gave a delay in hemolysis.

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Biotest analysis - an integral method for assessing the quality of environmental objects

Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology

Methods for biotesting using various test organisms are presented, including procedures for collecting, storing and preparing water samples for analysis, growing and testing the sensitivity of a culture of test objects, constructing calibration graphs, as well as processing and evaluating the results obtained. The educational and methodical manual is intended for the implementation of research and research work students, and also represents the basis of the practical course of the disciplines Ecology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Protection Engineering and Certification of Products and Services on Environmental Requirements, taught to students of the specialties Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources and 200503 Standardization and Certification, as well as for researchers and specialists practitioners from specialized environmental analytical laboratories.

The hazard class is established by the multiplicity of dilution of the water extract, at which no impact was detected.<...>on hydrobionts in accordance with the following ranges of the multiplicity of breeding, given in table.<...>Table 2 Waste hazard class<...>Breeding. Daphnia are usually caught in the warm season.<...>EC50 (LC50) value in milligrams per liter or ER50 (LR50) as a percentage or dimensionless values (in multiples of

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Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry materials region. scientific student conference

The collection contains materials of the regional scientific student conference on topical issues modern biology, ecology and chemistry. The focus is on environmental monitoring, human ecology, genetic toxicology, physiology and biochemistry, chemistry and chemical technology. The materials are published in the author's edition.

When the test sample was diluted with settled water, the survival rate of crustaceans increased, but even at the multiplicity<...>Table 2 Hazard class of toxic mixture<...>The hazard class was established by the multiplicity of water extract dilution (BKR10), at which no<...>impact on hydrobionts in accordance with the following dilution ranges (Table 2).<...>Table 2 Definition of hazard class Waste hazard class Dilution ratio of water extract from

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Development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the levorotatory stereoisomer of ofloxacin (levofloxacin) in milk [Electronic resource] / Shanin, T., Eremin // Moscow University Bulletin. Series 2. Chemistry.- 2014 .- No. 3 .- P. 46-52 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/345937

Polyclonal antibodies to levofloxacin were obtained, conjugates of levofloxacin with cationized serum albumin were synthesized for immunization of rabbits and with ovalbumin for the development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of levofloxacin. The developed ELISA method is characterized by the range of determined concentrations of levofloxacin from 0.03 to 0.41 ng/ml and the limit of determined concentrations equal to 0.01 ng/ml. Of the 28 fluoroquinolones tested, ofloxacin (145%), marbofloxacin (82%), dextrorotatory form of ofloxacin (68%), rufloxacin (67%), garenoxacin (24%) are cross-reactive. The optimized ELISA method allows the detection of levofloxacin in milk from 0.33 to 3.34 ng/ml. The open rate averaged 96% with a relative standard deviation of 3%. 45 real milk samples were tested, in five of them, using the developed method, concentrations of 1-3 ng/ml were detected, which satisfies the maximum allowable (100 ng/ml) concentration of fluoroquinolones in milk.

milk was centrifuged for 30 min at 10,000 rpm, in the work the problem was solved by simple dilution<...>We prepared a series of dilutions and determined the required dilution ratio for complete leveling<...>Prepared solutions of antibodies (dilution 2000, 4000, 6000) in phosphate buffered saline with the addition of<...>Anti-species antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase were prepared in the most optimal dilution (5000),<...>The optimal concentration of the LEV-OVA conjugate is 0.5 µg/ml, the optimal dilution of the antibody solution

Currently, crystal-forming bacilli of the thuringiensis group are considered as the basis for the modern production of microbial insecticides. They are characterized by high adaptive capabilities, which determines the wide distribution of these aerobic spore-forming bacteria in nature. The same varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis have been isolated on different continents, regardless of the presence and distribution of the insect host of this entomopathogen. In different countries, scientists are looking for and isolating Bacillus thuringiensis. This article presents the results of isolation of B. thuringiensis from natural substrates in Leningrad region. 24 samples of soil, forest litter, water, silt, diseased and dead insects, etc. were collected. Samples were sieved from different substrates on fish agar using the depleted smear method. After viewing over 3000 grown colonies, 62 cultures were selected according to morphological characteristics. Microscopy of smears using black aniline dye showed that 12 of the 62 isolates studied, along with spores, form crystalline endotoxins of various shapes. The isolated microorganisms were selected according to the signs of entomo- and larvicidal activity and identified according to the schemes of H. De Barjac, A.A. Bonnefoi (1968) and O. Lysenko (1985). The studies made it possible to classify the isolated bacilli as B. thuringiensis and combine them into three serovariants - H1 (var. thuringiensis, isolates ¹¹ 12, 20, 40, 41), H3a3b (var. kurstaki, isolates ¹¹ 15, 29, 49) and H14 (var. israelensis, isolates ¹¹ 14, 25, 33, 38, 44). According to their biological characteristics (formation of acetylmethylcarbinol, lecithinase, pigment, -exotoxin, film formation on meat-peptone broth, use of sucrose, mannose, cellobiose, salicin; starch breakdown; proteolytic activity), they are close to typical strains. The isolates have high productivity, entomocidity, larvicidality and are promising as producers of biopreparations with entomo-larvicidal action. The titers of isolates of serovariants BtH1, BtH3a3b and BtH14 varied within the limits of 2.42½109-2.78½109, respectively; 1.85½109-2.15½109 and 2.65½109-3.28½109 CFU/mL. Isolates ¹¹ 12, 41 of the BtH1 serovariant in terms of activity for the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say correspond to the reference BtH1 strain with a LC50 of 0.19%. The insecticidal activity of isolates ¹¹ 15, 29 and 49 of the BtH3a3b serovariant, expressed in LC50 for caterpillars of the 2nd age of the mill moth Ephestia kuehniella, was 0.88, respectively; 0.82 and 0.92% with LC50 of the reference strain BtH3a3b 0.86%. Isolates ¹¹ 33, 44 of the BtH14 serovariant were not inferior in titer, and slightly exceeded the reference strain in activity. In isolates ¹¹ 33, 44, the LC50 value for larvae of the 4th instar of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was 0.17½10-3 and 0.16½10-3%, while the value of 0.18½10-3% for the reference strain BtH14.

The supernatant was used without dilution and in dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, which<...>Abbot for each drug dilution adjusted for death in controls (35).<...>All dilutions were prepared in tap water.<...>to the next (logarithm of the multiplicity of dilutions); ∑X2 - the sum of the ratios of the number of dead insects to the total<...>number exposed for the respective dilution .

On January 1, 2016, the order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and Rostechnadzor dated November 11, 2015 No. 858n/455 came into force. He approved the lists of jobs of hazard classes I and II, to which personnel sent by private employment agencies should not be allowed.

The second one is the multiplicity of dilution of the water extract from the waste, at which the harmful effect on hydrobionts

No. 3 [Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series "Medical and biological sciences", 2016]

Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Scientific journal of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (Arkhangelsk). Published 4 times a year (since 2013), it publishes the main scientific results in the field of adaptive physiology and medicine, cytology, genetics, immunophysiology, cell and molecular biology, neuroscience, aviation, space and marine medicine, regenerative medicine, sports medicine , balneology, physiotherapy.

The probability of manifestation of EBMChR and ESMChR activity of blood serum depends on the dilution factor (for EBMChR activity<...>It was reported in detail on the dependence of the manifestation of EBMChR activity of blood serum on the multiplicity of its dilution.<...>:103 and 1:104 exhibits ESMHR activity in 5%, 27%, 55% and 50% of experiments, respectively, i.e. with increasing multiplicity<...>dilutions.<...>The manifestation of EBMChR and ESMChR activity of blood serum depends on the multiplicity of its dilution.

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EXPERIENCE OF CARP BREEDING IN CENTRAL ASIA AND KAZAKHSTAN ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

TASHKENT STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER. V. I. LENINA

The temperature and hydrochemical regimes of ponds during the summer at a planting density of 2 to 10N are not limiting factors and do not limit the implementation of a set of intensification measures.

"Mayab" (Karakalpak ASSR).1 When analyzing the state of fish farming in rice fields, we used<...>Fish breeding in rice fields The study of the hydrochemical regime of rice fields showed that the daily<...>When breeding fish in rice fields, the most favorable plantings of carp yearlings are 280-530 pcs/ha,<...>Joint breeding of fish and ducks in fish ponds of the Frunzensky fish farm "Kolkhoz-state farm production<...>Cultivation of carp in the rice-growing state farm "Mayab".

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Physiology and pathology of the cell

Tutorial prepared at the Department of Human and Animal Physiology of the Biology and Soil Faculty of Voronezh State University.

Fill the chamber with diluted blood by bringing a drop to the edge of the coverslip.<...>erythrocytes, A is the sum of erythrocytes in 5 large squares, 4000 is the number of small squares in 1 mm3, 200 is the multiplicity<...>breeding.<...>, where X is the desired number of leukocytes; B - the number of leukocytes in 25 large squares of the Goryaev grid; 20 - multiplicity<...>breeding.

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Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry materials Vseros. scientific student conference "The Path to Science - 2011"

The collection contains materials of the All-Russian Scientific Student Conference on Topical Problems of Modern Biology, Ecology and Chemistry. The focus is on environmental monitoring, human ecology, genetic toxicology, physiology and biochemistry, chemistry and chemical technology. The materials are published in the author's edition.

Then the resulting homogenate was diluted with Ringer's solution (final dilution, 100 times).<...>Thus, the assessment of the diet revealed that 28% of the respondents had a violation of the frequency of food intake,<...>The hazard class was established by the multiplicity of dilution of the water extract (LKR10), at which no<...>Table 1 Definition of hazard class Waste hazard class Dilution ratio of water extract from<...>The hazard class was established by the multiplicity of dilution of the water extract (LKR10), at which no

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OBTAINING E1-COMLEMENTING CELL LINE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRUSES FREE OF REPLICATIVE COMPETENT PARTICLES WITH THE HELP OF LENTIVIRAL TRANSDUCTION [Electronic resource] / Gribova [et al.] // Natural and technical sciences.- 2013 .- No. 3 .- P. 47-56 .- Access mode: https://website/efd/497988

Using lentiviral transduction, a cell line carrying the E1A and E1B sequences of the adenovirus genome was obtained. The resulting cell line is capable of complementing the functions of the E1 region of adenovirus and ensures the propagation of recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vectors without the formation of replication-competent adenovirus particles.

Reseeding of cell cultures was carried out every 3 days with a dilution ratio of 1:3 until complete cell death.<...> <...>were collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after infection, refrozen three times, after which serial dilutions<...>For this, serial tenfold dilutions of

The possibility of processing wastes from the production of rubbers of general purpose, subjected to disposal at landfills, by thermal cracking is considered. For the purpose of their processing, a pilot plant was developed, on which rubbers of the SKI3 and BSK types were cracked, leading to the formation of gaseous (up to 12%), liquid (50...62%), solid (8...15%) products and water (8 …fifteen %). The composition and structure of liquid hydrocarbons, characterized by physicochemical parameters and 1H NMR spectra, correspond to gasoline and diesel oil fractions. The toxicity and hazard class of products of cracking of substandard rubbers are determined. It is shown that the COD value of the water part of the products can be reduced to an acceptable level.

In order to classify the waste as a hazard class, an inactive (harmless) dilution with water is established<...>In the study of the solid cracked residue SKI3, the multiplicity of harmless dilution for algae and crustaceans<...>In the case of BSC, the multiplicity of harmless dilution for algae is 2.18, for crustaceans - 43.7.<...>For SKI-3, the multiplicity of harmless breeding for algae is 8333.3, for crustaceans - 5882.4, which corresponds to<...>For BSC, the multiplicity of harmless dilution: for algae - 621.1, for crustaceans - 512.8, which corresponds to

Biotesting. Biological methods for determining the toxicity of the aquatic environment: Guidelines Guidelines

Designed for students of the Faculty of Biology and Ecology, studying in the specialty 013100 Ecology, direction 511100 Ecology and nature management (discipline "Biotesting", SD block). full-time education. 11l. 5. Tab. sixteen.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

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EFFICIENCY OF THE FACTORY METHOD OF BREEDING CARP AND SAZAN AND WAYS OF ITS IMPROVEMENT ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Based on the analysis of the activities of fish farms in different climatic zones, evaluate the methods used in each link of the technological cycle of factory reproduction, summarize and deepen research aimed at improving individual parts of the process and identifying morphobiological characteristics, producers when using them in factory conditions

VNIIR) Department of pond fish farming As a manuscript 4 SIMDOTHEK EFFICIENCY OF THE FACTORY BREEDING METHOD<...>CARP AND SAZAN AND WAYS OF ITS IMPROVEMENT (06.02.01 - Breeding and selection of farm animals<...>will take place " " . . . . . . . . . " . , 1981 at "" hours at a meeting of the Specialized Breeding Council^<...>ml swollen neck of caviar - 64-228 eggs. v b) Dependence of producers maturation time on 1 ..;; "multiplicity<...>Determination of the frequency of injections and dosage. hypophysis-.;." , "for depending on the temperature.

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Biotesting. Biological methods for determining the toxicity of the aquatic environment method. instructions

Reassigned for students of the Faculty of Biology and Ecology, studying in the specialty 013100 Ecology, direction 511100 Ecology and nature management (discipline "Biotesting", SD block), full-time education. Il. 5. Tab. sixteen.

chlorination), if their toxic properties are not known, are tested in the primary test in a larger set of dilutions<...>An arbitrary choice of dilutions is possible.<...>water, water extract calculate: - the percentage of dead ceriodaphnia in the tested water for each series of dilutions<...>total number of juveniles born in 7 or more days per 10 (or surviving out of 10) females for each breeding series<...>Since when biotesting on ceriodaphnia, a series of each dilution and control consists of 10 glasses

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YAKUT STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

Guidelines on the implementation of course work on the discipline "Cattle breeding" and "Production of animal products" for bachelors in the directions 36.03.02 "Zootechny" and 35.03.07 "Technology of production and processing of agricultural products"

Influence of genetic and paratypic factors (feeding conditions, housing, calving season, multiplicity<...>Milk fresh cows (daily schedule, frequency of milking, method of milking. 4.<...>Breeding methods used in cattle breeding 1. Purebred breeding.<...>Breeding by lines and families. 2.<...>Cattle breeding technique 1.

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DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR USING PHITOBEIALUS PWR-SIMILIS A.-N. IN THE CLOSED GROUND OF THE ARMENIAN SSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ARMENIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PLANT PROTECTION

Purpose and objectives of research. The purpose of our research was to study the biology of phytoseiulus and develop methods for its effective use in the fight against the common spider mite on cucumbers under the specific conditions of cultivation of this crop in the protected ground of the Armenian SSR. We studied the possibility of complete or partial replacement of chemical measures to combat this pest with the use of acariphage.

Mass breeding of phytoseiulus. was carried out. mainly according to the methods proposed by G.A. Beglyarov (<...>The data obtained indicate that with the mass cultivation and practical application of phytoseiulus<...>Tests of the effectiveness of phytoseiulus, depending on the multiplicity of its releases in the greenhouse, were carried out<...>The whole cycle of breeding from sowing a crop to harvesting a predator 19 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency<...>Proper organization of mass cultivation of ulus phytoses in a greenhouse, even with fluctuations in the average daily

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Big workshop

Publishing and Printing Center of Voronezh State University

The teaching aid was prepared at the Department of Human and Animal Physiology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil of the Voronezh State University.

the sum of erythrocytes in 80 small squares of the Goryaev grid, 4000 is the number of small squares in 1 mm3, 200 is the multiplicity<...>breeding.<...>the desired number of leukocytes in 1 mm3 of blood; B - the number of leukocytes in 25 large squares of the Goryaev grid; 20 - multiplicity<...>breeding.<...>Pour 5 ml of diluted serum into one glass, 5 ml of distilled water into the other.

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The influence of low concentrations of microRNAs on the ability of GeneChip miRNA 4.0 hybridization chips to assess their presence in the sample was studied. It was shown that the assessment of the expression of 61 miRNAs is statistically significantly associated with the multiplicity of blood plasma dilution. Only 12 microRNAs had a very high Pearson correlation coefficient (more than 0.95), and all of them decreased in response to dilution. A high representation of hsa-miR-4532 miRNA in blood plasma was demonstrated. This microRNA was not detected earlier when sequencing similar samples. It was concluded that when miRNA expression is below 1.12±0.33 units. in the log2-scale at dilutions, the decrease in the signal on the "GeneChip miRNA 4.0" chips is no longer observed

It was shown that the assessment of the expression of 61 miRNAs is statistically significantly associated with the plasma dilution factor<...>Two dilutions of plasma were prepared: 1 part plasma and 1 part single PBS pH 7.2 (Cat. 70013<...>From whole plasma and two dilutions, two aliquots (400 µl each) were prepared for RNA isolation.<...>Against the background of an increase in plasma dilution and, accordingly, a decrease in RNA concentration, the number of microRNAs with low<...>Pearson's linear correlation coefficients showed that the expression of 61 miRNAs is statistically significantly associated with the multiplicity

Guidelines for writing a term paper on the discipline aquaculture method. instructions

projected farm……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<...>selection of the location of the site of the projected farm 2 Biological substantiation of the selection of breeding objects<...>Brief information on the biology of the object of breeding, its features (maximum dimensions, weight, timing of the onset<...>frequency of feeding.<...>Carrying out selection and breeding work, two-line breeding and the use of heterosis in order to increase

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SOME FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE REPRODUCIVE FUNCTION OF SOWS OF THE SIBERIAN NORTHERN BREED ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

IRKUTSK AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE

Purpose and objectives of research. To study the influence of the multiplicity and timing of mating on the fertility, fertility of sows and the growth energy of piglets.

MANIFESTATIONS OF THE REPRODUCIVE FUNCTION OF SOWS OF THE SIBERIAN NORTHERN BREED Specialty 06.02.01 breeding<...>FEATURES "MANIFESTATIONS OF THE REPRODUCIVE FUNCTION OF SOWS OF THE SIBERIAN NORTHERN BREED Specialty 06.02.01 breeding<...>about the inconsistency of ideas of individual researchers regarding the timing of mating sows, multiplicity<...>To study the effect of the frequency and timing of mating on fertility, fertility of sows and energy<...>"Breeding farm animals in conditions of Siberia", Novosibirsk, 1967. 2.

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SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF MINK BREEDING ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW VETERINARY ACADEMY

We set ourselves the task of resolving the following questions: To reveal the patterns of the biology of mink reproduction and to find out the factors influencing their fecundity and fertility; To study and substantiate the natural growth periods of minks; Show the hereditary characteristics of various groups of minks and establish the most rational methods for their breeding; Develop more advanced methods for assessing the nutritional value of feed and the principle of rationing the feeding of minks according to Physiologically useful energy and digestible protein; To open reserves for increasing labor productivity in mink breeding and reducing the cost of growing minks.

mink, 5) Mink breeding methods, 6) Mink breeding techniques, 7) Feed and nutritional value,<...>Data analysis of mink breeding practice.<...>The paper shows that the size of a female's litter does not depend on the multiplicity of her coverage.<...>female (Table 3). 6 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" T a b l e 3<...>The duration of pregnancy is greatly influenced by the calendar dates of mating, the frequency of coverage

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BREEDING AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CREATING A HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE HERD OF KHOLMOGORY BREED COWS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Purpose and objectives of research. The purpose of our research was to scientifically substantiate genetic, technological, organizational and economic methods for increasing and realizing the potential of the milk productivity of Kholmogory cattle.

Tolstopaltsevo" of the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region, one of the best farms in the country engaged in breeding<...>Reproductive methods<...>Influence of the frequency of milking on the productivity of cows<...>In order to study the effect of the frequency of milking on productivity, two groups of heifers of 15<...>Influence of the frequency of milking on the productivity of cows. Dairy and beef cattle breeding. -2001 No. 2 p.2-3. 3.

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When studying the immunomodulatory drug Stimforte on the model of herpes virus infection in BALB/c mice, it was found that the sera of mice treated with the drug on the 4th and 7th days after infection, according to dot-blot analysis, had a 3-fold greater ability to specifically bind to cultured herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (in Vero cell culture) as compared to sera from a control group of infected mice obtained at the same time. It was also shown that these sera had a 5 times higher neutralization index. Based on the Western blot, it was found that antibodies from the sera of mice treated with Stimforte bound significantly better to gB- and gC-glycoproteins of HSV-1. Thus, Stimforte, as one of the most potent drugs on immune memory, can be used to treat chronic viral diseases.

When setting up the neutralization reaction, the serum was diluted with a factor of 2.<...>Support medium was used for breeding.<...>Dilutions of each serum sample in 1X TBS-tween buffer (Sigma Chemical Co.) were prepared in multiples of<...>The material obtained in this way was transferred to serum dilutions (one parallel to each dilution<...>serum by 100 and 300 times and are barely distinguishable when serum is diluted 1000 times.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK MOTTLE AND SCHWITIZED CATTLE ON HIGHLY MECHANIZED MILK FARMS OF THE TURKMEN SSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The main goal of our research was to conduct a comparative study of the named breeds according to the main economic and biological characteristics and to identify positive and negative qualities when using them on highly mechanized farms.

One of the important conditions for increasing the milk productivity of cows is the breeding of highly productive<...>determine payment for feed products; establish the economic efficiency and zootechnical feasibility of breeding<...>It is necessary to take into account the frequency of insemination.<...>Table 4 Multiplicity of inseminations of first-calf heifers of experimental groups Group Number!<...>reproduced black-motley cattle are evidence of the possibility of adapting animals of this breed during breeding

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INVASIVE FISH DISEASES

Book-Service» UDC 576.89:639.3 Teaching aid prepared by Associate Professor of the Department of Biology and Breeding<...>fish farms are established near the power plant, the heated return water of which is used for breeding<...>Is it allowed to export fish from a farm that is unfavorable for phylometroidosis to others for breeding?<...>Using the example of salmon myxosomiasis, describe how the treatment is carried out (drugs, doses, frequency of application<...>Give detailed description concentration of solutions, multiplicity of treatments, volume of fish.

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INFLUENCE OF GENDER, AGE, CASTRATION ON SLAUGHTER INDICATORS OF YOUNG SHEETS OF THE KAZAKH FALT-LADY BREED IN THE CONDITIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN [Electronic resource] / Kosilov [et al.] // Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: Agronomy and animal husbandry. - 2015 .- No. 2 .- P. 70-75 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/403173

This determines the prospects of its breeding for obtaining high-quality biologically valuable<...>carcasses in young animals of group I increased by 12.40 kg, group II - by 11.38 kg, group III - by 10.11 kg, and the multiplicity<...>It is characteristic that the multiplicity of the increase in the mass of a paired carcass in valushki for the period from birth to 4 months. was<...>yolks - 18.94 kg, the average daily increase in its mass was 64.96 g, 57.28 g, 51.89 g, respectively, and the multiplicity<...>This determines the prospects of its breeding for obtaining high-quality biologically valuable

In this study, we studied the grafting properties of a live influenza vaccine (LIV), which includes 2 reassortant influenza B viruses of the Victoria and Yamagata antigenic lines, obtained on the basis of attenuation donor B/CCSR/60/69. CBA mice showed 100% protection against reinfection with influenza B epidemic viruses Victoria and Yamagata after combined immunization with two influenza B vaccine viruses. antigenic lines of influenza B.

Antihemagglutinating antibody titers were expressed as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution.<...>Titers of neutralizing antibodies were expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the sample giving<...>The 3rd day after infection was determined by the results of titration of the lung suspension in the RCE, starting from the dilution<...>A(H1N1)+A(H3N2)+V/Brisbane A(H1N1)+A(H3N2)+V/Wisconsin A(H1N1)+A(H3N2)+V/Brisbane+V/Wisconsin SGT multiplicity<...>increase in GMT multiplicity of GMT increase multiplicity of increase before vaccination after vaccination before vaccination after vaccination

#12 [Oilfield Engineering, 2014]

Technique and technology of development, production, collection, transportation, treatment of oil and gas, methods of reservoir stimulation and enhanced oil recovery, current equipment overhauls.

Thus, the reserve ratio for individual wells exceeds the average

In zootechnics, there are four breeding methods: purebred, line breeding, crossbreeding and hybridization.<...>The concept of breeding methods. Purebred breeding. 2. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression. 3.<...>When keeping cows in stalls on a leash, one should keep in mind the frequency of feeding and the sequence<...>The frequency of feeding cows is set depending on their productivity.<...>The multiplicity of drinking is 7-10 times a day.

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Productive qualities of sheep in the South Urals. Moography.

FSBEI HPE Orenburg State Agrarian University

The monograph presents the results of studying the economic and biological characteristics of sires of the main breeds bred in the South Urals. Materials are given for assessing the growth, development, formation of meat productivity and the systems of the musculoskeletal system of rams, rams and ewes of the Tsigai, South Ural and Stavropol breeds in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. Designed for students, undergraduates, graduate students, teachers agricultural universities, researchers, livestock specialists.

Sheep have long been bred in the Southern Urals.<...>The eastern, southern and southwestern zones are best suited for sheep breeding. 45

No. 2 [Russian Medical Journal, 2012]

Founded in 1995. Editor-in-Chief Nikitin Igor Gennadievich, Dr. med. sciences, professor, head. Department of Hospital Therapy No. 3 of the Medical Faculty of the Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov, Moscow. The reader will find on the pages of the journal information about the exchange of experience, modern scientific reviews, lectures, as well as original articles that are of a priority nature and deserve to be published in a national Russian medical journal. The journal contains published data on the most important modern theoretical and practical foundations of medical science in the country and abroad. A certain place is occupied by the scientific and public life of medical workers, a chronicle of medical events, and much more.

After 4 hours, a uniform decrease in the BAC of all drugs was noted in dilutions up to 1:4.

YEREVAN ZOOVETERINARY INSTITUTE

We set ourselves the goal in this work to solve the following questions: 1. To study the etiology of some infectious and non-infectious gynecological diseases of cows found in the farms of the Kalinin and Stepanavan regions, clarifying their role in infertility. 2. Find effective and cheap means, develop easy methods for treating gynecological diseases of cows. 3. Carry out therapeutic and prophylactic, veterinary and sanitary measures on farms to combat cow infertility.

Coli and Staph, aureus at a dilution of 1:400 and against Bact. sabtiljs in all.dilutions.<...>Thus, a solution of myoethanolamine in a 1:50 dilution pH is 10.2, and in dilutions of 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and 1<...>the use of monoethanols in the treatment of diseases of the genital organs of cows, we ourselves determined the doses, methods, frequency

negative impact on the environment are: the degree of danger of the waste for the environment; multiplicity<...>dilution of water extract from waste, in which there is no harmful effect on aquatic organisms.

The innate immune receptors TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and RIG1 recognized the structural components of influenza viruses in human lymphocytes and were activated by the recombinant avian influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/04 and its m13(13) escape mutant in the early stages of interaction. Activation levels were not associated with viral reproduction and were higher in a donor with low constitutive levels. The inflammatory reaction of lymphocytes was manifested by an increase in the activity of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The signaling responses of endosomal and cytoplasmic receptors to the parental and mutant viruses were largely similar. The effect of a mutation in the hemagglutinin gene (S145F) of the A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus was manifested by an increase in the level of transcription of the TLR4 membrane receptor gene and a decrease in the level of TNF-α gene activation. Further studies are needed with naturally occurring influenza virus isolates to understand the role of antigenic variation in the immune responses they elicit in humans.

Pairs of forward and reverse specific primers were added to the diluted 1/3 or 1/9 cDNA.<...>Under a light microscope, the appearance of CPD50 viruses was determined in two-fold dilutions.<...>Reverse dilution values were counted as titers and expressed as log 2.<...>The multiplicity of changes in gene activity is calculated relative to the corresponding temporary controls without<...>Here and in fig. 4: along the abscissa axis - the duration of the study in hours, along the ordinate axis - the multiplicity of stimulation

WAYS OF INTENSIFICATION OF GROWING OF CARP PLANTING MATERIAL ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Purpose and objectives of research. The main purpose of the work was to study the breeding and productive qualities of carps-producers of various origins and the effectiveness of their use in purebred breeding and industrial crossing, establishing the optimal parameters of growing conditions (temperature, oxygen content in water, pH of water, degree of water mineralization, light regime and rational feeding juvenile carp.

The reason for this situation is both the unsatisfactory state of breeding and breeding methods<...>the doctrine of the growth of p „ ~> n;ffeltive "g>sti Hi.notzovaniya stern in u" o.iciiMocTii from "with oia its io-goth-ui and multiplicity<...>Breeding methods Parental quality (grading grade) Environmental factors Water temperature Concentration<...>,h; , (Increasing the frequency of feeding ^ fish "helps to reduce the loss of" feed in the pond / 1 When "<...>The effect of different feeding frequency on the growth of Carl underyearlings and the efficiency of their use of food

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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF INTENSIFICATION OF DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE REPRODUCTION ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ALL-RUSSIAN STATE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Purpose and objectives of research. In order to develop and test new biotechnological methods for intensifying the reproduction of dairy and beef cattle in agricultural production, the following tasks were set: - to study the effectiveness of various gonadotropins and develop a method for stimulating superovulation by prolonging the action of pituitary gonadotropins; improve methods and develop devices for non-surgical extraction and collection of embryos; - to develop a device and improve the technique of non-surgical embryo transfer; - to determine the effectiveness of interbreeding embryo transfer to accelerate the reproduction of less common breeds and various methods of obtaining twins; - to study the possibility of using embryo transfer as a biotechnical method to combat infertility in cows with impaired reproductive functions;

Changes in the main indicators of embryonic productivity of donor cows of various breeds depending on the multiplicity<...>However, these data are limited by the frequency of processing (5) and can Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency<...>Its deficiency is covered by breeding meat breeds.<...>Increasing the frequency of hormonal treatments does not have a noticeable effect on the superovulatory response.<...>Influence of the multiplicity of superovulation of donor cows on the quality of embryos. / Livestock, 1986. No. 10, p.

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With a known composition of pollution and wastewater flow rates, the required multiplicity of their dilution mainly depends on the geometric dimensions of the reservoir, the speed and direction of water movement in it.

When wastewater is released into water bodies, the concentration of pollutants decreases due to the mixing of wastewater with the aquatic environment. This process is quantified by the dilution factor:

where From to– concentration of pollutants in wastewater released by the reservoir;

From 0 and With- the concentration of pollutants in the reservoir before and after the release of wastewater.

However, the formula is inconvenient for practical application.

For reservoirs with directional movement (rivers), it is recommended to determine it by the formula:

(2.2)

where Q B, Q 0- volumetric flow rate of waste water and reservoir, respectively

γ is the displacement coefficient showing what part of the flow rate Q is involved in the displacement.

In the initial section, the dilution factor is 1; because

γ = 0 ; then = 1.

Concentration of pollutants in a water body at any given time:

(2.3)

where τ \u003d V * (Q 0 + ∑Q B - Q B) the period of complete exchange of water in the reservoir;

V- the volume of the reservoir;

Q B– loss of water flow (for example, due to evaporation);

The concentration of pollutants for the most polluted stream of a river flow without specifying its location, shape, size is determined by the Florov-Rodziller method:

C max \u003d C + (C 0 - C) * (2.4)

where α - coefficient characterizing the hydraulic conditions of displacement;

x- coordinate in the direction of speed and current, the beginning of which is (x=0) the place of wastewater discharge.

The displacement area in the reservoir is conditionally divided into three zones (Fig. 2.1).

Fig.2.1. Scheme of wastewater distribution in the reservoir:

Zone I - the concentration of pollutants decreases due to the displacement due to the difference in the velocities of the jet of waste water and the reservoir;

Zone II - section of turbulent mixing;

III - zone - a section of complete mixing, when the velocities of the sewage jets and the reservoir have completely equalized.

To assess the smallest dilution ratio for weak reservoirs, other methods are used, the so-called N.N. Lapshev methods. It is used to calculate the dilution ratio for distributed and concentrated wastewater outlets with an outflow rate from outlet devices W0≥ 2 m/s:

……………………………………(2.5)

where BUT- coefficient characterizing the uniformity of output; for a concentrated release A = I, and for a distributed release:

(2.6)

I– distance between the release devices; d0- diameter of the outlet; R- coefficient characterizing the degree of flow of a reservoir (lake, reservoir);

S is a parameter determined by the relative depth of the reservoir.

For a reservoir where the movement of water is determined by the flow of discharged wastewater:

where I n- distance from the place of wastewater discharge to the shore in the direction of the wastewater flow rate, m; F0- the total area of the outlet holes, m 3.

For a reservoir where the current is determined by the wind, the coefficient:

, (2.8)

where W n– flow velocity, m/s;

W0 is the speed of wastewater at the exit from the head, m/s.

Calculation of the dilution ratio of wastewater in rivers

Wastewater dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of pollutants resulting from the mixing of wastewater with the aquatic environment. The intensity of the process is quantitatively characterized by the dilution factor (n), which for reservoirs with directed water movement (river flow) is determined by the formula:

, (2.9)

where Q B and Q0- respectively, the volumetric flow rates of part of the water in the reservoir and waste water;

γ - mixing coefficient showing the proportion of water in the reservoir involved in the mixing process:

where L- the length of the channel from the place of wastewater discharge to the settlement point of water consumption, m;

α – coefficient depending on the hydraulic conditions of mixing – coefficient:

where ξ - coefficient taking into account the location of the wastewater outlet (for a coastal outlet ξ = 1, for a channel outlet ξ = 1.5);

δ - coefficient of meandering of the channel;

D is the turbulent diffusion coefficient,

, (2.12)

where q– free fall acceleration, m/s 2 ;

H is the average depth of the channel, m;

W a n is the average water flow velocity in the reservoir, m/s;

From w is the Shezy coefficient, (1/m*s);

M g- Boussinesq coefficient, 1/m*s (for water М g = 22.3 (1/m*s)).

Calculation of the dilution ratio of wastewater in meandering channels

The method considered above does not take into account the transverse components of the water flow velocity in meandering channels, which can significantly speed up the process of mixing wastewater. This is explained by the fact that such flows take place from areas with high concentrations of pollutants to areas with lower concentrations and vice versa.

The lowest total dilution for concentrated wastewater discharge is determined by the formula:

, (2.13)

where β – coefficient taking into account the relative parameters of the channel B/N and R/B(fig.2.2);

AT is the width of the river, m;

H– depth, m;

R- radius of curvature of the drain, m;

L- distance from the place of release to the design section, m;

The calculation of the dilution factor is carried out in the following order:

1. The curved section is divided into m sections with the same values of the relative parameters B/H and R/H.

2. Determine the length L1, L2, …, Lm and according to the graph (Fig. 2.2) find the values β1, β2, …, βm. In this case, changing the sign of the curvature does not change the calculation method.

3. Multiplicity of dilution in the first section, and then the consumption of a mixture of domestic and river waters at a distance L 1:

Q 1 \u003d n 1 *Q

4. Multiplicity of dilution, flow rate of the wastewater mixture in subsequent sections:

Q i = n 1 *n 2 *…*n i *Q 0 .

5. Total dilution factor:

n = n 1 *n 2 *…*n m .

Calculation of the dilution ratio of wastewater in reservoirs and lakes

The conditions for mixing wastewater with the waters of reservoirs and lakes are significantly different from the conditions for mixing in rivers.

The degree of pollution of water bodies decreases intensively at a small distance from the place of wastewater discharge, however, complete mixing of wastewater with the volume of water in the lake occurs at very large distances from the place of discharge.

The calculation of the dilution ratio is carried out for dispersing and concentrated outlets at a wastewater outflow rate W0

eternal questions

Is it possible for a one-year-old child to have borscht: benefits and harms

History and memory

Borscht for the little ones

unknown

Making gingerbread decoration for the new year

APPLICATION AREA

1 CONDITIONS FOR SAFE WORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2 OPERATOR QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

3 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE

3.1 MEASUREMENT METHOD

3.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND TABLEWARE

3.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

3.4 MEASUREMENTS

4 ODOR DETERMINATION OF WASTEWATER

4.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

4.4 PREPARING TO PERFORM A DETERMINATION

4.5 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

4.5.1. Determination of the nature and intensity of the smell

4.5.2. Determination of odor intensity by dilution method

5 DETERMINATION OF THE COLOR (COLOR) OF WASTE WATER, THE REDUCTION OF DILUTION AT WHICH THE COLOR IN A 10 CM COLUMN DISAPPEARS

5.1 METHOD OF DETERMINATION

5.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, WAREHOUSES, MATERIALS

5.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

5.4 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

6 DETERMINATION OF TRANSPARENCY OF WASTEWATER BY FONT

6.1 METHOD OF DETERMINATION

6.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, WARE

6.3 SAMPLING AND STORAGE

6.4 PERFORMING A DETERMINATION

Determining the hazard class of waste by biotesting

Determination of the toxicity of water and water extracts from waste by the mortality of daphnia

Found results: 32229 (1.13 sec)

EFFICIENCY OF NEW PREPARATIVE FORMS OF SULFUR AGAINST SPIDER MITE ON COTTON ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATTLE AND MOUSE EMBRYONAL STEM CELLS IN THE SYSTEM IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

THE USE OF STALLIONS OF A THOROUGHBRED RIDING BREED IN THE BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ANGLO-KARACHAEV HORSES BREED GROUP ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

#6 [Oilfield Engineering, 2015]

#11 [Oilfield Engineering, 2014]

Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry collection

No. 1 [Economics and management issues for health leaders, 2009]

Methods of immunological research method. directions to the lab. workshop on immunology

Biotest analysis - an integral method for assessing the quality of environmental objects

Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry materials region. scientific student conference

No. 3 [Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series "Medical and biological sciences", 2016]

EXPERIENCE OF CARP BREEDING IN CENTRAL ASIA AND KAZAKHSTAN ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Physiology and pathology of the cell

Modern problems of biology, ecology, chemistry materials Vseros. scientific student conference "The Path to Science - 2011"

Biotesting. Biological methods for determining the toxicity of the aquatic environment: Guidelines Guidelines

EFFICIENCY OF THE FACTORY METHOD OF BREEDING CARP AND SAZAN AND WAYS OF ITS IMPROVEMENT ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Biotesting. Biological methods for determining the toxicity of the aquatic environment method. instructions

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR USING PHITOBEIALUS PWR-SIMILIS A.-N. IN THE CLOSED GROUND OF THE ARMENIAN SSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Big workshop

Guidelines for writing a term paper on the discipline aquaculture method. instructions

SOME FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE REPRODUCIVE FUNCTION OF SOWS OF THE SIBERIAN NORTHERN BREED ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF MINK BREEDING ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BREEDING AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CREATING A HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE HERD OF KHOLMOGORY BREED COWS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK MOTTLE AND SCHWITIZED CATTLE ON HIGHLY MECHANIZED MILK FARMS OF THE TURKMEN SSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

INVASIVE FISH DISEASES

#12 [Oilfield Engineering, 2014]

Productive qualities of sheep in the South Urals. Moography.

No. 2 [Russian Medical Journal, 2012]

WAYS OF INTENSIFICATION OF GROWING OF CARP PLANTING MATERIAL ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF INTENSIFICATION OF DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE REPRODUCTION ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Is it possible for a one-year-old child to have borscht: benefits and harms

Borscht for the little ones

Making gingerbread decoration for the new year

How to cook gingerbread with icing for the new year

Chocolate cupcakes by dukan

Parsley smoothie - the subtleties of making an unusual drink Smoothie recipes for a parsley blender

Goat milk products