The concept of "political map", the state borders of the countries of the world, the main stages in the formation of the modern political map of the world, groupings of countries, the typology of countries, the political system of the countries of the world, forms of government and forms of administrative-territorial structure are considered.
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teacher: Elena Anatolyevna Golovina Modern political map of the world
teacher: Golovina E.A. The purpose of the lesson: To consider the features of various historical eras and stages of the formation of the modern political map of the world, its quantitative and qualitative shifts; To study the typology of countries based on qualitative features that take into account the level of socio-economic development of countries.
teacher: Golovina E.A. The concept of "political map" has a double meaning in the system of geographical sciences: A political map is geographic map the globe or its parts, which reflects the territorial and political division. A political map is a collection of information on the political geography of the globe or a large region: location, borders, capitals of states, forms of government, administrative-territorial structure, interstate relations.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Modern political map of the world
teacher: Golovina E.A. State borders
teacher: Golovina E.A. Formation of the modern political map of the world Changes on the map took place for many centuries. The process of forming a modern political map of the world is very long, starting from the era of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property and the division of society into classes. There are 5 major stages in the formation of the political map of the world: ancient (ancient), feudal (medieval), colonial (new), post-colonial (recent) and modern.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Stages of formation: antique (ancient)
teacher: Golovina E.A. Feudal (medieval) stage of map formation
teacher: Golovina E.A. The colonial (new) stage in the formation of the modern political map: From the 16th century until the end of the First World War, it corresponds to an entire era of the birth, rise and establishment of capitalism, the formation of a colonial empire. So, in 1876, only 10% of the territory of Africa belonged to Western European countries, while in 1900 - already 90%.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Colonial stage
teacher: Golovina E.A. Post-colonial (modern) stage
teacher: Golovina E.A. Two stages can be distinguished here: the newest and the modern. The newest (the first half of the 20th century) is characterized by the formation of socialist countries and the collapse of the colonial system. Modern - the emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system and new changes on the world map. Post-colonial stage:
teacher: Golovina E.A.
teacher: Golovina E.A. There are about 230 countries and territories on the modern political map of the world today.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Conflicts on modern map peace
teacher: Golovina E.A. Signs of conflict are manifested in the clash of forces, sides, interests. The object of the conflict can be either a fragment of material, socio-political or spiritual reality, or the territory, its subsoil, social status, distribution of power, language and cultural values. Analyzing the spatial arrangement of the centers of the largest conflicts, one can identify a certain pattern in their location. Most of the centers gravitate towards an arc passing from the British Isles through Central Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus to Indochina.
teacher: Golovina E.A.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Groupings of countries of the world According to the size of the territory; By population; By geographic location.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Grouping of the countries of the world according to the size of the territory: Large (giant countries). There are only 7 such countries. Their area is more than 3 million square kilometers: Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India; "large" countries are the countries of Europe. Their area is more than 500 thousand square kilometers (France, Spain). The area is more than 1 million sq. km. countries: Sudan, Algeria, Libya; Microstates - European countries - Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Singapore and other island states.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Grouping of countries by population: Giant countries (over 100 million people) - China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, ... Medium countries; Small countries, microstates with a population of 10-30 thousand people or less.
teacher: Golovina E.A. By geographical location: With a seaside position; Peninsular; Island; 42 countries are landlocked.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Typology of countries of the world and its features The typology of countries is based on important qualitative features that determine the country's place on the political and economic map of the world (GP, GWP, EGP). The main feature is the level of socio-economic development of a particular state, expressed through the gross domestic product (GDP) and a new synthetic indicator (HDI) - the human development index. ______________________________ GDP is an indicator that characterizes the value of all final products produced in the territory of a given country for 1 year in US dollars. HDI is an indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world, the so-called human development index.
teacher: Golovina E.A. The typology of the countries of the world is based on the division into economically developed and developing countries. In addition, there are also countries with economies in transition.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Economically developed countries of the world The first subgroup is the "big seven" of Western countries - the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. AT recent times Russia joined them; The second subgroup is smaller countries Western Europe. GDP as in the first subgroup. The third subgroup is formed by the countries of resettlement capitalism (the dominions of Great Britain) - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Developing countries Key countries - India, Brazil, Mexico. They have great natural, human and economic potential. GDP=350$. Latin American countries - Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, etc., as well as countries in Asia and North Africa. GDP exceeds $1,000. Newly industrialized countries (NIEs) - the "Asian tigers" of the first wave - the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong. The oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Libya. Most of the "classically" developing countries are most of Africa, Asia and Latin America. 40 countries - the "fourth world" - the least developed countries with GDP = $ 100-300 per year.
teacher: Golovina E.A. The state system of the countries of the world
teacher: Golovina E.A. Forms of government There are only 2 forms of government in the world: republican and monarchical. There are much more republics in the world - more than ¾ of all countries of the world. Examples of republics are France, Poland, India, China, Egypt, USA, Mexico, Argentina. There are only 30 monarchies. Most of them are in Europe and Asia.
teacher: Golovina E.A. A republic is a form of government in which the supreme legislative power belongs to the parliament, and the executive power to the government. Monarchy is a form of government in which power belongs to one person and is inherited.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Forms of administrative-territorial structure All countries of the world are divided into unitary and federal states. Unitary state - has a form of administrative-territorial structure, in which the country has a single legislative and executive power. The vast majority of such countries in the world (190) are Italy, Bulgaria, Algeria, Colombia, etc. A federal state has a form of administrative-territorial structure in which the country has separate territorial units (republics, provinces, states, etc.) that have their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities. In total, there are 21 federal states in the world - Germany, the USA, Russia, etc.
teacher: Golovina E.A. CONCLUSION The political map of the world is a kind of mirror of the era. It is in constant development.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Homework Write out in a notebook: 7 largest countries in the world; 10 countries with a population of over 100 million people; Examples of peninsular, island, archipelago and inland countries; Examples of developed and developing countries in different subgroups. Learn theory.
teacher: Golovina E.A. Thank you for your attention!
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Formation of the political map of the world Belyaeva L.E. geography teacher MBOU Lyceum No. 15, PYATIGORSK GEOGRAPHY
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Plan Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Stages of political map formation. Modern changes on the political map. Changes on the political map: quantitative, qualitative.
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Many wondered - how many countries are there in the world? There are (2014) 194 (Vatican and UN members) independent states in the world. Despite the fact that the UN has recognized the Vatican, it is not part of it. There are more countries in the world than states, since the concept of "country" is wider and larger than the concept of "state". Now there are 262 countries in the world. Many countries do not want to recognize other states as "independent". Such states are called "unrecognized", now there are 12 of them. There are also many territories with an undefined status in the world. There are also 62 dependent territories. Despite the fact that they do not have state status, unrecognized states, dependent territories and territories with undefined status are countries.
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Stages of formation of the political map I Ancient period (until the 5th century AD) Existence of ancient states: Egypt, Carthage, Greece, Rome II Medieval period (V-XIV centuries) Emergence of new large states: Byzantium, England, France, Spain, Holy The Roman Empire, Kievan Rus III New time (XV-XIX centuries) The era of the Great geographical discoveries, European colonial expansion. By the beginning of the XX century. the division of territories was completely completed, only a forced redistribution became possible.
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IV The latest period (XX-beginning of the XXI century) 1) 1900 - 1938: 1918 - the end of the First World War 1922 - the formation of the USSR, the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the formation of Poland, Finland, the emergence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, expansion of the colonial possessions of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan Stages of formation of the political map
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2) 1939 - 1980s: 1945 - the end of World War II and the emergence of socialist states 1949 - the division of Germany, the emergence of the FRG and the GDR 1945-48 - the collapse of the colonial system in Asia 1950-60s - the collapse of the colonial system in Africa 1960 - the "year of Africa": 17 African states gained independence (Chad, Congo, Cameroon, Mauritania, Gabon, etc.) IV The latest period (XX-beginning of the XXI century) Stages of political map formation
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3) 1989 - present: 1989-90 - "velvet" revolutions in Eastern Europe 1990 independence of Namibia, the unification of the FRG and the GDR, the collapse of the SFRY (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia) 1991: collapse USSR, the formation of the CIS, the termination of the activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO), the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) Stages of forming a political map
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4) In 1991-1992, four of the six union republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia) separated from the SFRY. At the same time, UN peacekeeping forces were introduced into the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and then the autonomous province of Kosovo Stages of forming a political map
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The disintegration of Yugoslavia is a generalized name for the events of 1991-2008, as a result of which the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into six independent countries and one partially recognized state. On February 17, 2008, the independence of the Republic of Kosovo from Serbia was unilaterally proclaimed.
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5) 1993: disintegration of Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic, Slovakia) formation of the state of Eritrea restoration of the monarchy in Cambodia 1997: return of Hong Kong (Xianggang) under the jurisdiction of China 2000: return of Macau (Ao Men) under the jurisdiction of China 2002: Obtaining sovereignty state East Timor Switzerland's accession to the UN Stages of formation of the political map
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Stages of formation of the political map The Supreme Council of the Republic of South Ossetia (South Ossetia) declared the independence of the republic on May 29, 1992, during the armed conflict with Georgia. Abkhazia declared independence after the 1992-1993 war with Georgia. Its constitution, in which the republic was declared a sovereign state and a subject of international law, was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Abkhazia on November 26, 1994. The declaration of independence of the republics did not cause a wide international resonance; until the second half of the 2000s, these states were not recognized by anyone. In 2006, Abkhazia and South Ossetia recognized each other's independence; in addition, their independence was recognized by the unrecognized Transnistria. The situation with international recognition changed after the war in South Ossetia in August 2008. After the conflict, the independence of both republics was recognized by Russia. In response, the Parliament of Georgia adopted a resolution "On the occupation of the territories of Georgia by the Russian Federation." These events were followed by the reaction of other countries and international organizations to recognize the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. 6). SOUTH OSSETIA. ABKHAZIA
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Annexation (return) of Crimea Annexation of Crimea to Russia (2014) - inclusion in the Russian Federation most of the territory of the Crimean peninsula, which became part of independent Ukraine after the collapse of the USSR and was controlled by it until 2014, with the formation of two new subjects of the Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.
lesson on the topic: “Political map of the world. The history of the formation of the political map.
New concepts of the lesson.
Political map, quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map, sovereign countries.
The political map of the world (PKM) is a “non-freezing picture”, which changes as a result of the development of international relations; geographical map of the globe, which shows all the countries of the world.
“The significance of the political map is enormous. The geographical political map really reflects reality: the international position, the place of countries in modern world. At the same time, especially in dynamics, in historical sequence, it is the most important document for statesmen, politicians, political scientists and an important tool for research, including in political geography, a branch of economic and social geography.
What processes do not reflect the political map of the world? Why? (Primarily:
these are areas of international conflicts, the level of economic development, the form of government and government, interstate alliances and international political organizations.)
Stages of forming a political map
(before 5th century)
^ II period
(5th - 15th centuries)
Medieval
^III period
^ IV period
(first half of the twentieth century)
NEWEST
The formation is associated with the 1st and 2nd World Wars, the formation of socialist states, sovereign countries were formed: Poland, Finland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation a large number independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America (in the Caribbean region).
^ The state is the main object of the PCM. Total number of countries - 230
What states are called sovereign? (textbook: p.9, appendix, table No. 1)
A politically independent state with autonomy in internal and external affairs.
Number of sovereign states:
1900 - 57
1939 - 71
2000 - 192
V period - modern
Termination in 1991 of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (OVD) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
May 1990 - unification of the Arab states of YAR and PDRY (Republic of Yemen, capital - Sana'a);
Throughout the 20th century, changes on the political map have occurred and are occurring much more frequently than in previous periods. What do you think, what is it connected with?
Changes on the political map.
^ Give specific examples of some and other types of changes (textbook: pp. 14 - 16).
Arrange in the form of a table:
Changes on PC
quantitative
quality
Let's summarize the lesson.
1. What is the political map of the world?
2. How was the modern political map formed?
3. What are the changes on the political map of the world
are currently happening?
The political map of the world is characterized by high dynamism. It reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, the merger of one state with another, the change in the area of the state, their capitals, and many others. All these elements constitute the main content of the political map of the world.
Homework: § 2; creative task No. 3, p.20.
Kozlova D.
The history of the formation of the political map of the world
The process of forming the political map of the world has several millennia. Many historical eras have passed, so we can talk about the existence of periods in the formation of the political map of the world.
It is possible to allocate: ancient, medieval, new and newest periods.
ancient period(from the era of the emergence of the first forms of the state to the 5th century AD) covers the era of the slave system. It is characterized by the development and collapse of the first states on Earth: ancient egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. These states have made a great contribution to the development of world civilization. At the same time, even then the main means of territorial changes were military actions.
medieval period(V-XV centuries) is associated with the era of feudalism. The political functions of the feudal state were more complex and varied than those of the states under the slave system.
The internal market was formed, the isolation of the regions was overcome. The desire of states to distant territorial conquests was manifested, since Europe, for example, was already completely divided between them. During this period, there were states: Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Spain, Portugal, Kievan Rus, etc.
The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries at the junction of feudal and capitalist socio-economic formations greatly changed the map of the world. There was a need for markets and new rich lands and, in connection with this, the idea of circumnavigating the world.
From the turn of the XV-XVI centuries.
allocate New period of history(up to World War I of the 20th century). This is the era of the birth, rise and assertion of capitalist relations. It marked the beginning of European colonial expansion and the spread of international economic relations throughout the world.
1420s - the first colonial conquests of Portugal: Madeira, Azores, Slave Coast (Africa).
1453 - the fall of Constantinople (the dominance of the Turks in the southeast direction.
The Ottoman Empire controls the land routes to Asia).
1492-1502 - discovery for Europeans of America (4 trips of Columbus to Central America and the northern part South America).
The beginning of the Spanish colonization of America.
1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas - division of the world between Portugal and Spain.
1498 - voyage of Vasco da Gama (a journey around Africa).
Travels of Amerigo Vespucci to South America.
1519-1522 - circumnavigation of the world by Magellan and his companions.
Journey of Semyon Dezhnev (Russia - Siberia).
1740s - travels of Bering and Chirikov (Siberia).
1771-1773 J's travels
Cook (Australia, Oceania).
During the Age of Discovery, the largest colonial powers were Spain and Portugal. With the development of manufacturing capitalism, England, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and later the United States came to the forefront of history.
This period of history was also characterized by colonial conquests.
The political map of the world became especially unstable at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when the struggle for the territorial division of the world sharply intensified between the leading countries. So, in 1876, only 10% of the territory of Africa belonged to Western European countries, while in 1900.
Already 90%. And by the beginning of the 20th century, in fact, the division of the world turned out to be completely completed, i.e. only its forcible redistribution became possible.
Start Newest period in the formation of the political map of the world is associated with the end of World War I.
The next milestones were II World War and the turn of the 80-90s, which is characterized by major changes on the political map of Eastern Europe (the collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia, etc.).
The first stage was marked by the appearance on the world map of the first socialist state (USSR) and noticeable territorial shifts, and not only in Europe. Austria-Hungary collapsed, the borders of many states changed, sovereign countries were formed: Poland, Finland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc.
The colonial possessions of Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Japan expanded.
The second stage (after World War II), in addition to changes in the political map of Europe, is associated primarily with the collapse of the colonial system and the formation of a large number of independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America (in the Caribbean region).
The third stage continues to this day. To qualitatively new changes on the political map of the world (these are changes that usually do not lead to a change in the territory of the state, the essence of which is a change in socio-economic formations, the gaining of state independence by former colonial countries, the introduction of a new state system, etc.) and influence on the socio-economic and socio-political life of the entire world community can be attributed to the following:
The collapse of the USSR in 1991, the assertion of the political independence of the three former Soviet republics of the Baltic states, and then the rest, incl.
Education of the CIS;
Mostly peaceful, people's democratic revolutions of 1989-90. ("velvet") in the countries of Eastern Europe.
The termination in 1991 of the activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), which seriously affected the political and economic situation not only in Europe, but throughout the world;
Unification of two German states (GDR and FRG);
the collapse of the SFRY, the proclamation of the political independence of Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (as part of Serbia and Montenegro). The most acute political crisis of the former federation resulted in a civil war and interethnic conflicts that continue to this day;
Unification of the Arab states of YAR and PDRY on a national-ethnic basis (Republic of Yemen, capital - Sana'a);
1990-91 - the process of decolonization continues: Namibia gained independence - the last colony in Africa; new states were formed in Oceania: the Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands;
The formation of two independent states (the collapse of Czechoslovakia) - the Czech Republic and Slovakia;
1993 - the independence of the state of Eritrea (a former province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea) was proclaimed.
The scale of future changes on the political map of the world will be determined by the further course of ethno-cultural processes in multinational countries, the nature of economic, political and cultural relations between countries and peoples.
Bibliography:
Rodionov "Political map of the world. Geography of the world economy” M., 1996;
A.G. Artemieva, V.P. Maksakovsky and others. “Economic geography of foreign countries” (textbook) M.
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Lesson on the topic: “Political map of the world. The history of the formation of the political map»
topic lesson: "A political map of the World. The history of the formation of the political map.
New concepts of the lesson.
Political map, quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map, sovereign countries.
Political map of the world (PKM) - "non-freezing picture", which changes as a result of the development of international relations; geographical map of the globe, which shows all the countries of the world.
Epigraph:
“The significance of the political map is enormous.
The geographical political map really reflects reality: the international position, the place of countries in the modern world. At the same time, especially in dynamics, in historical sequence, it is the most important document for statesmen, politicians, political scientists and an important tool for research, including in political geography, a branch of economic and social geography.
What information does the political map of the world carry?
Do you agree with all the arguments stated in the epigraph?
What is the main function of the political map of the world?
What processes do not reflect the political map of the world?
Why? ( Primarily:
these are areas of international conflicts, the level of economic development, the form of government and government, interstate alliances and international political organizations.)
Stages of forming a political map
|
I period (before 5th century) ANCIENT |
The development and collapse of the first states on Earth: Ancient Egypt, Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. |
|
II period (5th - 15th centuries) Medieval |
The emergence of an internal market, the isolation of farms and regions, the desire of feudal states for territorial seizures. Large land masses were completely divided between different states. Kievan Rus, Byzantium, Portugal, Roman Empire, England, Spain, etc. |
|
III period (15th-19th centuries) NEW |
The era of the great geographical discoveries, the beginning of European colonial expansion, the spread of international economic relations, the territorial division of the world. |
|
IV period (first half of the twentieth century) NEWEST |
The formation is associated with the 1st and 2nd world wars, the formation of socialist states, sovereign countries were formed: Poland, Finland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of a large number of independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America (in the Caribbean). |
The state is the main object of the PCM. Total number of countries - 230
What states are called sovereign?(textbook: p.9, appendix, table No. 1)
A politically independent state with autonomy in internal and external affairs.
Number of sovereign states:
1900 - 57
1939 - 71
2000 - 192
|
V period - modern |
The collapse of the USSR in 1991, soon the formation of the CIS; Termination in 1991 activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). The collapse of the SFRY into the independent states of Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (as part of Serbia and Montenegro) Union of the Arab States of YAR and PDRY (Republic of Yemen, capital - Sana'a); 1990-91 - the process of decolonization continues: Namibia gained independence - the last colony in Africa; new states were formed in Oceania: the Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands), the Republic of the Marshall Islands; 1993 - the independence of the state of Eritrea (a former province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea) was proclaimed. |
Throughout the 20th century, changes on the political map have occurred and are occurring much more frequently than in previous periods.
What do you think, what is it connected with?
Changes on the political map.
What is the fundamental difference between quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map of the world?
Give specific examples of some and other types of changes(textbook: pp. 14 - 16) .
Arrange in the form of a table:
Let's summarize the lesson.
1.
What is a political map of the world?
2. How was the modern political map formed?
3.
What are the changes on the political map of the world
are currently happening?
Conclusion:
The political map of the world is characterized by high dynamism. It reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, the merger of one state with another, the change in the area of the state, their capitals, and many others. All these elements constitute the main content of the political map of the world.
Homework: § 2; creative task No. 3, p.20.
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The main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. Quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map of the world
The process of formation of the political map is associated with the period of the emergence of the social division of labor, private property and the stratification of society into classes.
The change in social formations determined the time limits of the main stages in the formation of the political map. There are 4 periods in the formation of a political map:
1. ancient stage(until the 5th century AD) is characterized by the formation of slave states (China, India, Mesopotamia), the flourishing of culture in Egypt, Greece and Rome.
The main means of territorial change is force and military action.
2. medieval stage(V - XV centuries) is characterized by the formation of feudal states in Europe (Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus) and on the American continent (the states of the Incas and Aztecs). An internal market is being formed, the isolation of farms and regions is being overcome, the desire of feudal states for territorial seizures (Kyiv, Moscow Russia, the Byzantine Empire, Portugal, Spain, the formation of the economy of England and France begins);
New stage(from the 15th century until the end of the First World War) is associated with the era of great geographical discoveries, which led to the colonization of the world.
The countries of Africa, Asia and America were involved in the process of the international division of labor. The political map of the world became especially unstable, as the struggle between the developed capitalist countries for the division of the world intensified, and the beginning of European colonial expansion was laid.
At the beginning of the period, Spain and Portugal dominated ( navy), an agreement was signed on the division of the world into Spanish and Portuguese (border 150 miles from the Azores). Then England and France dominate (mastered North America, Africa, Australia). At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. there is a struggle for the territorial division of the world (England owned Africa, Australia, Oceania, South Asia, the French Caribbean).
By 1914, the largest metropolises were the USA, Japan, and Western Europe. The origin, formation and development of capitalism.
4. The newest stage(end of World War I to the present). During this period, such major events took place as the appearance on the world map of the RSFSR, and later the USSR, the first and second world wars. As a result, two political camps were formed - capitalist and socialist, many colonies disintegrated. By the end of this period, more than 100 independent states had emerged in the territories of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The twentieth century, from the point of view of the formation of a political map, can be divided into three stages:
The end of the First World War - the beginning of the Second - the borders of Germany changed significantly (Alsace and Lorraine went to France, part of the Schleswig-Holstein territory went to Denmark, etc.).
Germany lost all her few colonies in Africa and Asia. Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary, ceased to exist. Poland was restored after its liquidation as a result of the three partitions of the Commonwealth.
Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan are expanding their colonial possessions. In 1922 the USSR was formed. The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist in the Asian region.
2. After the Second World War until the end of the 80s. - Significantly reduced the territory of Germany, Japan. The collapse of the world colonial system and the formation of a large number of independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America: Syria 1943, Indonesia 1945, India 1947, Libya 1951, etc.
The State of Israel is formed (1947–1948). The emergence of the social state of Cuba. The peak of decolonization occurred in the 60s, when 43 independent states were formed, 3/4 of which were in Africa (Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, etc.). The formation of military blocs - NATO, CMEA.
Late 80s to the present: the destruction of the world socialist system and the collapse of the USSR. There was a unification of the German territories into a single state - the Federal Republic of Germany (1990). As a result of the collapse of the USSR in 1991, 15 sovereign states were formed, 12 of which formed the CIS. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia into seven independent states (into the Czech Republic, Slovakia; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro), the reunification of Hong Kong with the PRC.
Namibia gained independence (1990), Eritrea withdrew from Ethiopia. The emergence of new states on the territory of Oceania (the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia). Timor (2002) became the latest sovereign state in the world.
Changing the names of states: Kampuchea - a republic, Cambodia - a monarchy, Burma - Myanmar.
As a result of these changes, the world is transforming from bipolar to unipolar. Before the collapse of the USSR, the world was dominated by two states - the USA and the USSR. Currently, four main centers dominate - the USA, Japan, Western Europe and China.
Quantitative changes on the political map of the world:
annexation of newly discovered lands;
2. territorial gains or losses due to wars;
3. unification or disintegration of states;
voluntary concessions or exchange of land areas;
5. reconquest of land from the sea (Netherlands), land reclamation (Japan).
Qualitative changes on the political map of the world:
historical change of socio-economic formations - Mongolia (from feudalism to socialism);
acquisition of sovereignty by the country;
3. introduction of new forms of government;
4. formation of interstate political unions and organizations;
5. the appearance on the political map of "hot spots" - centers of interstate conflict situations.
At the initial stages, quantitative changes prevailed, now they are qualitative, since the world has already been divided.
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Geography Grade 10
"Countries of Latin America" - Guyana. Argentina. Colombia. Honduras. Haiti. Bahamas. The region located between the United States and Antarctica. Costa Rica. Salvador. Guiana. Belize. Venezuela. Peru. Administrative-territorial structure. Central America. Political map. Dominican Republic. Latin America.
Panama. Bolivia. West Indies. Jamaica. Guatemala. Paraguay. Suriname. South American countries. Mexico. Nicaragua.
"World economy" - Germany. MGRT and integration. Compound NTR. Natural resources. MX structure. Scientific and technological revolution and the world economy. Science intensity. MX accommodation. Stages of development of scientific and technological revolution. Pollution environment. The structure of the economy. Test. Signs of a post-industrial economy.
NTR and its features. Stages of development of the economies of countries. Territorial structure of countries. Orientation to highly qualified labor personnel. Concentration. MGRT is the specialization of countries in the production of goods and services.
"Functions of water in nature" - Constant water content. Attention. Mineral water sources. transport function of water. The role of water in nature. The structure of water. Filler. Juvenile animals. Guttation. Water conditions. Impact on electrical processes. Moisture.
Huge role in nature. Water has memory. Good solvent. Water properties. Water molecule. Deep plowing. The role of water in plant life. Circulation. General purpose solvent.
"Reserves of natural gas" - Plant for the preparation of natural gas. Transportation of natural gas.
natural gas hydrates. Synthesis of natural gas. Special tankers. Gas is extracted from the bowels of the earth using wells. Pipeline. What is natural gas. Ecology. Application. physical properties. The volume of natural gas production. Fields of natural gas. Preparation of natural gas for transportation.
Natural gas. Extraction and transportation.
"The pace of urbanization" - Agglomeration. Agglomerations of the world. internal migrations. City. Urbanization. History of cities. Dublin. Megalopolis. The first cities in the world. Urban population dynamics. Quality of life in some cities of the world. Urbanization trends. stages of urbanization.
The number of labor migrants. Immigration. Dynamics of the urban population of the world. The country. The quality of life. features of urbanization.
The largest metropolitan areas in the world.
"Language and ethnos" - Caucasoid Mongoloid Negro-Austroloid. Izhora, one of the smallest nations in the world, about 700 people. Which countries have the highest population growth rates? Interesting Facts. Language. Every 10 days one disappears. 50% of the world's population speaks the 7 largest languages. To introduce students to the ethnic and linguistic mosaic of the world's population.
2.5 billion people material culture. Most ancient language Mahauts - elephant mahouts in India.
Total in the topic "Geography Grade 10" 121 presentations
5class.net > Geography Grade 10 > Formation of the political map of the world > slide 24
1990: Namibia, the largest non-self-governing territory in terms of area and population, gained independence; united South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) and North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic), proclaimed the Republic of Yemen;
- merged separated since 1949
German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany.
1991:
- the world's largest federation, the USSR, collapsed.
1992:
- the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia collapsed; The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formed as part of Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina).
1993:
- independent states were formed: the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, formerly part of the federation of Czechoslovakia;
- a new state of Eritrea appeared (separated province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea);
- Cambodia changed its form of government, becoming a constitutional monarchy.
1994:
- U.S. custody of Palau was terminated, and the independent state of the Republic of Palau was formed.
1997:
- The Republic of Zaire changed its name to become the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Western Samoa became known as Samoa;
- Hong Kong, which was a British colony for 99 years, came under Chinese control.
1998:
- The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji became known as the Republic of the Fiji Islands;
- Ethiopia became a federal republic.
1999:
- Macao (Aomen) - a Portuguese colony - came under the control of China.
2002:
- the independence of East Timor, a former Portuguese colony occupied by Indonesian troops, was proclaimed;
- The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became known as "Serbia and Montenegro" (the republics were supposed to have a single defense and foreign policy, but separate economies, currency and customs systems).
2006:
- By results of a referendum independence of Montenegro is proclaimed.
2007:
- in December 2007
The Provisional Parliament proclaimed Nepal a federal democratic republic. The final decision is subject to the approval of the Constitutional Assembly, whose elections are scheduled for April 2008.
2008- Independence of Kosovo
year 2014- independence of the Republic of Crimea
CONTENTS: 1 1. Stages of formation of the political map of the world Stages of formation of the political map of the world 2. Division of countries: by the level of socio-economic development by the level of socio-economic development by the size of the territory by population by geographical location by forms of government By the peculiarities of the territorial and state structure According to the peculiarities of the territorial and state structure 3. Political geography Political geography
Stages in the formation of the political map of the world Ancient (before the 5th century AD) emergence and collapse of the first states. Medieval (V - XVI centuries) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia New (XVI - XIX centuries) - the formation of a colonial empire. The latest (first half of the 20th century) - the formation of socialist countries, the collapse of the colonial system Modern (second half of the 20th century - the modern period)
Changes on the map Quantitative Qualitative Territorial acquisitions, losses, voluntary concessions Changing formations Gaining sovereignty Gaining sovereignty Introduction of a new state system Introduction of a new state system
The level of socio-economic development. Expressed in terms of GDP and HDI Economically developed countries Economically developed countries G7 countries (GDP - 20 - 30 thousand dollars) G7 countries (GDP - 20 - 30 thousand dollars) Smaller countries of Western Europe (GDP, as in G7 countries Smaller countries of Western Europe (GDP, as in G7 countries) Countries of resettled capitalism (Dominions of Great Britain) Countries of resettled capitalism (Dominions of Great Britain)
With transition Countries with economies in transition Former socialist countries: 1. Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria…) They can be classified as economically developed countries 1. Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria…) They can be classified as economically developed countries developed countries 2. and socialist countries (Laos, Vietnam ..). They can be attributed to developing countries 2. Post-socialist and socialist countries (Laos, Vietnam ..). They can be classified as developing countries
Developing countries 1. Key countries - have great natural, human and economic potential. GDP 350 dollars. 2. Countries of Latin America, Asia, North Africa. GDP 1000 dollars. 3. NIS - new industrial countries - "Asian tigers" 4. Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf. GDP 20 - 30 thousand dollars. 5. "Classic" developing countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars a year. Most countries in Africa, as well as Asia and Latin America. 6. The least developed countries of the "fourth world" 47 countries with a GDP of 100 - 300 dollars per year. Ethiopia, Haiti, Bangladesh...
There are more than 200 countries and territories on the PCM, of which more than 190 are sovereign states, among them are: - BY THE SIZE OF THE TERRITORY India) 2. “Large countries”, their area is more than 500 thousand km 2 (France, Spain ..), the area is more than 1 million km 2 (Sudan, Algeria, Libya ..) 3. Microstates - having an insignificant San Marino , Liechtenstein, square (Vatican, Singapore..)
BY POPULATION 1. Giant countries with a population of over 100 million people (China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia ...) 2. Medium countries (Algeria, Mexico ...) 3. Small countries, microstates, with a population of 10 - 30 thousand person or less (Vatican, San Marino, Monaco…)
BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 1. Coastal (Mexico, Argentina, Congo, Saudi Arabia, Poland, Russia..) 2. Peninsular (Italy, India, Portugal, Korea, Denmark..) 3. Island (Great Britain, Cuba, Iceland, Madagascar,..) 4. Inland countries (42 states are deprived of access to the ocean: Mongolia, Austria, Czech Republic, Chad, Rwanda ...)
2. 2. Monarchies There are 30 of them in the world: Oceania 2 Asia 13 Oceania 2 Asia 13 Africa 3 Europe 12 Africa 3 Europe Belgium, Norway, Spain Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, UAE Vatican City,
3. States within the Commonwealth 15, 15 countries, former dominions of Great Britain, former dominions of Great Britain, formally the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General; formally the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General
According to the peculiarities of the state structure According to the peculiarities of the territorial and state structure Unitary Unified legislative and executive power Federal Along with uniform laws there are separate units Along with uniform laws there are separate self-governing units Confederation Provisional Union Great Britain, Italy, Japan Russia, India, Nigeria 22 states in total Switzerland - union of sovereign states, union of independent cantons
Political geography Formation of the political map of the world and its individual regions Changes in political boundaries Features of the state system Political parties, groups and blocs Territorial aspects of mass election campaigns GEOPOLITICS - expresses state policy, primarily in relation to the country's borders and its interaction with others, primarily neighboring countries
