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Among the explorers of Africa, a prominent place is occupied by the expeditions of our domestic travelers. Mining engineer Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky made a great contribution to the research of Northeast and Central Africa. In 1848, he explored the Nubian desert, the Blue Nile basin, mapped the vast territory of Eastern Sudan and made the first suggestion about the location of the sources of the Nile. Kovalevsky paid much attention to the study of the peoples of this part of Africa and their way of life. He was indignant at the "theory" of the racial inferiority of the African population.
Portuguese and Italian navigators explored the African coasts. Some creative ideas were developed, and the great rivers were the object of such ideas. It has been said, for example, that the Nile and the Niger met and that the Congo was a small riverbed.
At the same time, mobilization against slavery was developed not only for humanitarian reasons, but also because it interfered with the developing industrial capitalism based on freedom of work. In fact, much African attention to Africa has been focused on finding the sources of the Nile, whose explorations have created a real controversy in Europe. They, forced to flee from the British, went in search of other lands, from Natal to Orange, passing through the Transvaal. Burton disagreed with Specke about the origin of the Nile.
Travels of Vasily Vasilyevich Junker in 1875-1886. enriched geographical science with accurate knowledge of the eastern region of Equatorial Africa. Juncker conducted research in the area of the upper Nile: he made the first map of the area.
The traveler visited the rivers Bahr el-Ghazal and Uela, explored the complex and intricate system of rivers of its vast basin and clearly defined the previously disputed line of the Nile-Congo watershed for 1200 km. Juncker made a number of large-scale maps of this territory and paid much attention to descriptions of the flora and fauna, as well as the way of life of the local population.
He claimed that the source must have been on Mount Kilimanjaro. There is a historical gap between them. In fact, Neal's problem is not solved. Where do lakes come from? They attempt to head north of Lake Victoria but are blocked by King Kambasi. Discover Lake Moero and the Lualaba River, considered the Nile. His heart would be buried on the spot, and his body, after a "year of travel", could arrive in England, discovering Lakes Edoardo and Giorgio and the mountains of the Moon. While some have explored the Nile, Congo and Zambezi rivers, others such as the Scottish Mungo Park have taken the streets of Niger or the Germans Gustav Nachtigal, Emin Pashia and more recently the Hungarian Laszlo Almasi have ventured into the Sahara, while others such as the Germans Johannes Rebmann, Friedrich Rolfs and Eduard Ruppell, went through the streets of the Horn of Africa.
Alexander Vasilyevich Eliseev spent a number of years (1881-1893) in North and Northeast Africa, describing in detail the nature and population of Tunisia, the lower reaches of the Nile and the coast of the Red Sea. In 1896-1898. Alexander Ksaverevich Bulatovich, Petr Viktorovich Shchusyev, Leonid Konstantinovich Artamonov traveled across the Abyssinian Highlands and in the Blue Nile basin.
In Soviet times, an interesting and important trip to Africa was made by the famous scientist - botanical geographer Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. In 1926, he arrived from Marseilles in Algeria, got acquainted with the nature of the large Biskra oasis in the Sahara, the mountainous region of Kabylia and other regions of Algeria, traveled through Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vavilov was interested in the ancient centers of cultivated plants. He conducted especially large studies in Ethiopia, having traveled more than 2 thousand km through it. More than 6 thousand samples of cultivated plants were collected here, including 250 varieties of wheat alone, interesting materials about many wild plants.
In 1968-1970. in Central Africa, in the Great Lakes region, geomorphological, geological-tectonic, geophysical studies were carried out by an expedition led by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Professor Vladimir Vladimirovich Belousov, who refined data on the tectonic structure along the line of the great African fault. This expedition visited some places for the first time after D. Livingston and V. V. Juncker.
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The initial stage of the exploration of Africa
(2nd millennium BC - up to the 6th century).
The beginning of the study of Africa dates back to ancient times. The ancient Egyptians explored the northern part of the continent, moving along the coast from the mouth of the Nile to the Gulf of Sidra, penetrated into the Arabian, Libyan and Nubian deserts. Around the 6th c. BC e. The Phoenicians made long sea voyages around Africa. In the 6th c. BC e. Carthaginian Hanno the navigator undertook a voyage along the western coast of the continent. According to the inscription on the plate, left by him in one of the temples of Carthage, he reached the inner part of the Gulf of Guinea, where the Europeans penetrated after almost two thousand years. During the period of Roman rule and later, fishing ships reached the Canary Islands, Roman travelers penetrated deep into the Libyan desert (L. K. Balb, S. Flaccus). In 525, the Byzantine merchant, navigator and geographer Cosmas Indikoplov climbed up the Nile River, crossed the Red Sea and traveled around the coast of East Africa. He left a 12-volume work, which served as the only source of information about the Nile River and adjacent territories for its time.
The second stage of the exploration of Africa is the Arab campaigns (7-14 centuries).
After the conquest of North Africa (seventh century), the Arabs crossed the Libyan desert and the Sahara desert many times, began to explore the Senegal and Niger rivers, and Lake Chad. In one of the earliest geographical reports of Ibn Khordadbeh in the 9th c. contains information about Egypt and trade routes to this country. At the beginning of the 12th c. Idrisi showed North Africa on a map of the world, which was far superior in accuracy to maps that existed then in Europe. Ibn Battuta in 1325-49, leaving Tangier, crossed northern and eastern Africa, visited Egypt. Later (1352-53) he passed through the Western Sahara, visited the city of Timbuktu on the Niger River and then returned back through the Central Sahara. The essay he left contains valuable information about the nature of the countries he visited and the customs of the peoples inhabiting them.
The third stage of the exploration of Africa - travel 15-17 centuries.
In 1417-22, the Chinese naval commander Zheng He, in one of his many campaigns, passed through the Red Sea, rounded the Somali peninsula and, moving along the eastern coast, reached the island of Zanzibar. In the 15-16 centuries. the study of Africa was associated with the search for a sea route to India by the Portuguese. In 1441 N. Trishtan reached Cape Blanc. D. Dias in 1445-46 rounded the extreme western point of Africa, which he called the Green Cape. In 1471 Fernando Po discovered the island named after him. In 1488 B. Dias discovered the extreme southern point of Africa, calling it the Cape of Storms (subsequently renamed the Cape of Good Hope); in 1500, not far from this cape, B. Dias died during a storm. Based on the reports of B. Dias, the route to India was developed by the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama. In 1497-98, heading to India from Lisbon, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and passed along the east coast to 3 ° 20 "S (city of Malindi). the mouth of the Nile, and then passed along the southwestern coast of the Red Sea to the city of Suakin. By the end of the 16th century, the contours of the continent were established. In the 17th century, in the interior of Africa, south of the equator, Lake Tana was discovered by Portuguese travelers (1613 ) and Nyasa (1616), explored the sources of the Blue Nile and the lower course of the Congo River.In the west of the continent, the French expedition of A. Bru in the 17th century explored the Senegal River, the British - the Gambia River.
The fourth stage of the exploration of Africa - expeditions of the 18th-20th centuries.
From the end of the 18th century the desire to seize new rich sources natural resources stimulated the study of Africa by English, French and German travelers. Expeditions are concentrated in the interior regions of the continent. The British create a special "Association to promote the discovery internal parts Africa", which organized a number of important expeditions. M. Park in 1795-97 and 1805-06 studied the upper reaches of the Niger River, W. Audney, D. Denham and H. Clapperton in 1822-23 crossed the Sahara from north to south (from the city of Tripoli to Lake Chad) and proved that the river Niger does not originate from this lake. Crossing the Sahara in 1827-28 was made by the French traveler R. Caille. In 1830, an English expedition explored the lower reaches and mouth of the Niger River (R. Lender and D. Lender).
At the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. the study of South Africa begins, the first explorer of which was the English traveler J. Barrow. In 1835, E. Smith explored the Limpopo River; in 1868, S. Ernskain passed along its tributary, the Olifants.
The geographical and geological study of the Blue Nile basin was carried out in 1847-48 by the Russian expedition of E. P. Kovalevsky, the first of the Russian travelers who described Abyssinia. In the middle of the 19th century French (A. Lenan de Belfont and D "Arno) and German expeditions (F. Vernet) worked in the White Nile basin. The highest point of the mainland, Mount Kilimanjaro, was discovered in 1848-49 by German missionaries I. Krapf and I. Rebman. The English expedition of J. Speke and R. F. Burton discovered Lake Tanganyika in 1856-59.In 1858, Lake Victoria was discovered by J. Speke, who later (1860-63) established, together with J. Grant, that the Nile River originates from this lake.
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