On Friday, I finally finished fiddling with the preparation for the calculations of the "general" file, which took almost a year and a half. For 36.2 thousand people. I had to place conditional icons and numbers in 9 columns: the number of representatives of the clan, to which the person belongs, since when this clan has been in the service of the Republic of Ingushetia, its origin (Ostsee, Polish, etc.), the rank of the person himself, he is military or civil, father's rank, max. rank of brothers, max. the rank of sons and their presence (either only daughters, or childless), the total number of children. This study should form the 2nd part of the book on the Russian service stratum (the 1st part of which is an already written general outline of its history from the Middle Ages with a maximum reduction of all available digital data). It will take some time to check for typos and calculate, but in the fall I hope to present it in the form of a dozen tables.
Military and civil ranks of 1-4 (until 1796 - also 5th) classes were taken into account, and only received in active service, and not in retirement (there are 2-3 times more of these). Initially, I was interested in a simple thing - the degree of self-reproduction of the “general” (what percentage of the “generals” have a dad is also a “general” and vice versa), but “appetite comes with eating” and led to what it led to. Things went slowly, because every time I tried to find, wherever possible, a pedigree painting: although all the main sources of this kind were originally laid down in my so-called. “common database” (where there are now about 2 million records), but in a scattered form there are many murals on all kinds of regional and amateur sites and publications, and fuss with the Baltic editions of Gothic, where different branches of the same kind can be found in different volumes, and it was necessary to bring them into a generational one, at the same time remaking the stupid German system “along the lines” into the “Dolgorukovskaya” system (by generations) required for my purposes - something in general.
But there is nothing to do, because it was necessary to separate the namesakes, and there were only dozens of noble families with common surnames (for example, about a hundred Ilyins, 98 Makarovs, 83 Matveevs, 82 Pavlovs, 76 Davydovs, 72 Danilovs, etc.), although, of course, more than 90 % of "generals" belonged to 1-3 oldest and most prominent of the same-family families. Moreover, the murals are usually not complete, and even for well-known titled families, there is usually some left. number of persons, undoubtedly to them according to the official. state belonging to sources, but not reflected in the list (because there was no general state accounting, and the lists were compiled by genealogists on archival cases about the nobility, initiated by individuals who might not have mentioned side branches in their petitions).
Until the end of the calculations, I will refrain from judging, because I know very well how deceptive impressions from “examples” are (even with all the experience of working with mass material, I can say to myself that exceptions are usually remembered at least three times better and create a corresponding deviation in the assessment). On the one hand, dozens of representatives of a number of well-known families are impressive (with closer observation, sinking, however, in the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Ivanov-Petrovs), on the other hand, numerous examples of this kind: the son of a craftsman is a doctor (kol.ass), and his six children and grandchildren - acting state and secret advisers, all five sons of a St. Petersburg tailor - in the ranks of generals, etc. (but the share of such in the total mass is also not at all the same as at first impression).
So far, it can only be absolutely definitely said that the Republic of Ingushetia is an absolutely typical example of a “bureaucratic” society: even throughout the entire period, almost half of all “generals” are the only representatives of their kind (in “aristocratic” societies, the situation is mirror-like - there are 2-3% of them, while up to 30-40% give births, which make up 2% of all births, and 10% of births give 60-80% of all higher ranks), and in the 1st and even more so the 2nd half of the 19th century, naturally, even more .
Of course, the number of representatives of the clans among the “generals” to a large extent depends on the age of the clan (which allowed it to multiply strongly by the 18th-19th centuries), but this is only one factor; in general, the “influence” of the clan should be judged by the proportion of persons who have reached the highest ranks in the total number of its adult men (and not the most numerous may lead by this indicator). I counted 55 clans that gave 20 or more “generals” (about a dozen - even 40 or more: 118 Prince Golitsyn, 81 Tolstoy, 63 Prince Dolgorukov, 52 Bibikov, 44 Prince Gagarin, 42 Prince Volkonsky, Arsenievs and bar.Korfov, 40 Engelhardts), of these 55 - 9 genera of Rurikovich and Gediminovich, 31 belong to Russian families known no later than the 16th century, 13 Ostsee, 1 "late" Russian (Demidovs) and 1 "late" foreign (Scalons). However, such combined - "a drop in the ocean" (about 4%).
In general (with the exception of the 1st half - the middle of the 18th century), the proportion of genera known in the service before the beginning of the 18th century. relatively small: in any case, out of about 2 thousand of the most prominent such families, only 128 gave 10 or more “generals” in the Republic of Ingushetia, and more than a third only one or none at all (despite the fact that the remaining 1.5 thousand old births did not give a single one). Moreover, hundreds of old families did not give in the XVIII-XIX centuries. not even a single person in the "headquarters officer" ranks (8th class and above), not rising in active service above the titular adviser or captain, and many simply by the end of the 19th century. did not serve, but peasantry on their small allotments
In the annals of military glory Russian state inscribed names of over 200 generals Armenian origin . All of them distinguished themselves by fighting spirit and determination, their courage and courage were marked by many awards and the highest noble ranks. Below are the names and titles of ten generals of the Russian Empire of Armenian origin:
1. David Delyanov (David Arutyunovich Dalakyan (1763 -1837)) - Major General of the Russian Imperial Army. Born in Moscow. As part of the Sumy Hussars, he fought in Prussia against the troops of Napoleon. He distinguished himself in the battles near Friedland (1806-1807), the Battle of Borodino, foreign campaigns of Russian troops in Prussia and France (1813-1814). Winner of many orders and awards. Son - Ivan Davydovich Delyanov, Minister of Education of the Russian Empire.
2. Valerian Madatov (Rostom Grigorievich Madatyan (1782 - 1829)) - Prince, Lieutenant General. Born in the Karabakh village of Avetaranots (Chanakhchi) near Shushi. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1806 -1812), Patriotic War(1812) and foreign campaigns of the Russian army (1813-1814), after which he became a major general. Later he took part in the Russian-Persian (1826-1828) and Russian-Turkish wars (1828-1829). He was awarded the St. George Cross of the IV degree and the rank of lieutenant colonel for the battle near Batin, in which he defeated the four thousandth cavalry detachment of the Turks, advancing from Shumla, with 2 squadrons. Khachatur Abovyan wrote about him in his work "Wounds of Armenia": "The world may turn upside down, but the memory of him is indelible in our people and in our country."
3. Mikhail Lazarev (1788-1851) - admiral, adjutant general. Born into a noble family of the Lazarevs in Vladimir. In 1832 he became commander of the staff Black Sea Fleet and ports of the Black Sea. Two more years later (1834) the governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Thanks to Lazarev, the first iron steamer and steam ships were created in Russia. He was a mentor to three Russian naval commanders: P. Nakhimov, V. Kornilov and V. Istomin. Discoverer of Antarctica.
4. Vasily Bebutov (Vasil Ovsepovich Beibutyan (1791 - 1858)) - prince, general of infantry. Born in Tiflis. Descended from the princely family of the Bebutovs. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812), the Patriotic War (1812) and the Crimean War (1853-1856). In 1830 he was appointed head of the newly conquered Armenian region, which he ruled for 8 years. In 1847-1858 he became head of the Civil Administration and Chairman of the Council of the Main Administration of the Transcaucasian Territory. Bebutov was the first in the Caucasus to be awarded the highest order of the Russian Empire - the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1854).
5. Lazar Serebryakov (Kazar Markosovich Artsatagortsyan (1792 - 1862)) - Admiral Russian fleet, nobleman. Born in Karasubazar (Belogorsk, Crimea). Participated in the battle near the fortress of Varna and in the capture of the Varna Heights, the cities of Messermia, Midia and Inada, the fortress of Anapa. As part of the embassy mission of General Nikolai Muravyov, Serebryakov visited Turkey and Egypt, contributing to the final expulsion of the Turks from the Caucasian coast. In 1851 he became the head of the entire Black Sea coastline and a member of the Caucasian department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. During the Crimean War (1853-1856) he commanded ships on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and military expeditions to the southeastern Turkish garrisons. In March 1855, at the height of the bloody defense of Sevastopol, he received news of the death of his eldest son Markos.
6. Moses Argutinsky-Dolgorukov (Movses Argutyan (1797 - 1855)) - prince, lieutenant general, nephew of the Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church Joseph Argutinsky-Dolgorukov. Born in Tiflis. For military distinctions in the Persian war he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He took an active part in organizing the resettlement of Persian Armenians (1828). In 1829-1830 he was the head of the Armenian region. For 23 years of living in the Caucasus, he conducted continuous expeditions to pacify the recalcitrant mountain peoples of the Caucasus. In 1842, he led the Samur detachment, receiving the nickname "Samur Lion". In 1847 he was appointed military governor of Derbent, as well as commander of troops in the Caspian region. Awarded the Order of St. George IV degree.
7. Arzas Artemyevich Ter-Gukasov (Arshak Ter-Ghukasyan (1819 - 1881)) - lieutenant general. The son of the Shamkhor archpriest, rector of the Tiflis Lower Avlabar Church (“Shamkhoreans Karmir Avetaran”). Born in Tiflis. Participated in many Caucasian expeditions. Thanks to the leadership talent of Ter-Gukasov, his division defeated the Turks in the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) and liberated the cities of Bayazet and Alashkert. Organizer and honorary trustee of the Grozny mountain elementary school. Awarded 7 orders.
8. Ivan Lazarev (Hovhannes Lazaryan (1820 - 1879)) - lieutenant general, nobleman. Born in Shusha. He came from the Karabakh beks. He took part in expeditions to pacify the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, he received all the ranks and orders for exceptional military merits. In 1850 he was appointed administrator of the Mekhtuli Khanate, in 1854 - Dargin district, in 1859 - commander of the troops and head of the temporary administration in Central Dagestan. Having become a lieutenant general in 1860, Lazarev took part in the siege and capture of Gunib. Ivan Lazarev was Mikhail Loris-Melikov's successor as commander of the Caucasian Corps. Awarded 9 orders.
9. Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov (Mikael Tarielovich Loris-Melikyan (1825 - 1888))- Minister of the Interior of the Russian Empire. From the family of hereditary bailiffs and princes of the Lori region. Born in Tiflis. He served in the Caucasus for 32 years, took part in 180 battles with the highlanders and the Turks. In 1865, Mikhail Loris-Melikov became the adjutant general of Emperor Alexander II and the chief ataman of the Terek Cossack army. Governor-General of Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara and Kharkov provinces. The Minister of the Interior with expanded powers, pursued a liberal policy, called the "Dictatorship of the Heart", planned the creation of a representative body with legislative powers. Author of the first Russian constitution, honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Awarded with many awards.
10. Boris Shelkovnikov (Beibut Martirosovich Metaksyan (1837 - 1878) - Major General. Descendant of an old family. Born in Nukha (Sheki, Azerbaijan). Military governor of the Erzerum region, participant in the Crimean War (1853-1856). During the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), with the forces entrusted to him, Shelkovnikov thwarted the plans of the Turks to capture Sochi, and then, going on the counteroffensive, conquered Abkhazia (1877). Note that Boris Shelkovnikov is the brother of the famous Lieutenant Colonel Georgy Shelkovnikov.
EVERY 10th GENERAL AND OFFICER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE WAS AN ARMENIAN BY NATIONALITY
Armenians in the Russian tsarist army is a topic for special study. In total, during the existence of the Russian Empire, there were about 1300 generals in the Russian army, of which 132 generals (10%) were Armenians by nationality.
In addition to the generals, a similar percentage is observed among the officer corps. As for the ordinary soldiers of Armenian origin, by the beginning of the 20th century, there were 250 thousand people, with a total number of the tsarist army - 5 million soldiers (that is, 5% of the total number of Russian ground forces).
We present you the list of Armenian generals in the Russian tsarist army:
1. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Manukyan) (1729-1800) Armenian by mother.)
2. Abamelek David Semyonovich (1774–1833), major general (1818).
3. Abamelek Ivan Semyonovich (1768–1828), major general (1817).
4. Abamelek Solomon Iosifovich (1853–1911), lieutenant general.
5. Abamelek - Lazarev Artemy Davidovich (1823–1885), major general.
6. Abamelek - Lazarev Semyon Davydovich (1815–1888), major general (1859).
7. Akimov Nikolai Agafonovich (1842–1913), cavalry general (1906).
8. Alkhazov Yakov Kaikhosrovich (1826–1896), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1891).
9. Amirov Solomon Artemyevich Major General.
10. Pavel Ivanovich Arapetov (1780–1853), major general (1813).
11. Argutinsky-Dolgorukov David Luarsabovich (1843–1910), lieutenant general (1903).
12. Argutinsky-Dolgorukov Moisei Zakharovich (1797–1855), adjutant general (1848).
13. Arutinov Tigran Danilovich (1858–1916), lieutenant general (1915).
14. Artsruni Yegor Semyonovich (1804–1877), major general.
15. Artsruni Yeremia Georgievich (1804–1877), major general (1861).
16. Atabekov Andrei Adamovich (1854–1918), General of Artillery (1916).
17. Akhverdov Gavriil Vasilievich Major General (1917).
18. Akhverdov Ivan Vasilievich (1873–1931), major general (1916).
19. Akhverdov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1800–1876), lieutenant general (1855).
20. Akhverdov Nikolai Isaevich (1755–1817), lieutenant general (1807).
21. Akhverdov Nikolai Nikolaevich Major General (1898).
22. Akhverdov Fedor Isaevich (1773–1820), major general (1808).
23. Akhsharumov Veniamin Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1873).
24. Akhsharumov Dmitry Ivanovich (1792–1837), lieutenant general.
25. Bagramov Ivan Sergeevich (1860–1921), major general (1912).
26. Bagratuni Yakov Gerasimovich (1879–1943), major general (1917).
27. Bebutov Arseny Ivanovich (1834–1913), major general (1904)
28. Bebutov Vasily Osipovich (1791–1858), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1856)
29. Bebutov David Grigorievich (1855–1931), major general (1917)
30. Bebutov David Osipovich (1793–1867), lieutenant general (1856)
31. Bebutov Nikolai Vasilyevich (1839–1904), major general (1895)
32. Bezhanbek Pavel Petrovich (1869–1956), major general (1917)
33. Bektabekov Alexander Evseevich (1819–1876), major general (1869)
34. Bektabekov Solomon Ivanovich (1803–1860), major general (1848)
35. Budagov Grigory Ivanovich (1820–1882), admiral
36. Vartanov Artemy Solomonovich (1855–1937), lieutenant general (1913)
37. Varshamov Ivan Sergeevich (1828–1907), major general (1878)
38. Vakhramov Ivan Grigorievich Major General (1886)
39. Vekilov Avvakum Gerasimovich Lieutenant General (1911)
40. Gadzhaev Alexander-Bek Agabyan-Bek Major General (1917)
41. Grigorov Mikhail Gavrilovich General of Artillery (1878)
42. Delyanov David Artemyevich (1763–1837), major general (1813)
43. Dolukhanov Arseny Sergeevich Major General (1916)
44. Dolukhanov Khozrev Mirzabekovich Lieutenant General (1893)
45. Kalantarov Stepan Gerasimovich (1855–1926), lieutenant general (1915)
46. Kalantarov Stepan Isaevich Major General (1900)
47. Kalachev Nikolai Khristoforovich (1886–1942), major general (1913)
48. Kalustov Nikita Makarovich, lieutenant general (1864)
49. Kamsarakan Arshak Petrosovich (1851–1936), major general (1913)
50. Kamsarakan Konstantin Petrosovich (1840–1922), lieutenant general
51. Karangozov Konstantin Adamovich (1852–1907), major general (1902)
52. Karganov Alexander Alexandrovich, major general (1884)
53. Kasparov Ivan Petrovich (1740–1814), lieutenant general (1808)
54. Ketkhudov Alexander Egorovich Major General
55. Kishmishev Stepan Osipovich (1833–1897), lieutenant general (1888)
56. Korganov Adam Solomonovich cavalry general (1911)
57. Korganov Gavriil Grigorievich (1880–1954), Major General (1917)
58. Korganov Gavrila Ivanovich (1806–1879), major general
59. Korganov Grigory Gavrilovich (1844–1914), major general (1906)
60. Korganov Osip Ivanovich (1811–1870), major general (1858)
61. Lazarev Alexander Ivanovich (1858–1913), major general (1910)
62. Lazarev Ivan Davidovich (1820–1879), lieutenant general (1860)
63. Lazarev Lazar Ekimovich (1797–1871), major general.
64. Lalaev Matvey Stepanovich (1828–1912), General of Artillery (1896)
65. Lisitsev Daniil Khristoforovich Major General.
66. Loris-Melikov Ivan Yegorovich (1834–1878), major general (1875)
67. Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich (1825–1888), cavalry general (1875)
68. Madatov Avram Petrovich Major General (1880)
69. Madatov Valerian Grigorievich (1782–1829), lieutenant general (1826)
70. Mardanov Alexander Yakovlevich Major General (1904)
71. Markarov Ivan Khristoforovich (1844–1931), adjutant general
72. Markozov Vasily Ivanovich (1838–1908), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1908)
73. Mgebrov Absalom Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1914)
74. Melik-Avanyan Yegan Gukasovich major general (1734)
75. Melik-Allakhverdov Alexander Romanovich Major General (1918)
76. Melik-Beglyarov Shaamir Khan Fridunovich Major General.
77. Melik-Gaykazov Isaac Osipovich Major General (1895)
78. Melik-Shakhnazarov Mikhail Mezhlumovich (1838–1898), major general.
79. Melik-Shakhnazarov Nikita Grigorievich Lieutenant General (1898)
80. Melik-Shakhnazarov Nikolai Mezhlumovich (1851–1917), lieutenant general (1917)
81. Melik-Shakhnazarov Pavel Dmitrievich (1854–1910), lieutenant general (1917/1918)
82. Melikov Ivan Grigorievich Major General.
83. Melikov Levan Ivanovich (1817–1892), cavalry general (1869)
84. Melikov Nikolai Levanovich (1867–1924), major general.
85. Melikov Pavel Moiseevich (1781–1848), major general (1829) 86. Melikov Pyotr Levanovich (1862–1921), major general (1909)
87. Mylov Sergey Nikolaevich General of Infantry.
88. Nazarbekov Foma Ivanovich (1855–1931), general of infantry
89. Nazarov Konstantin Alekseevich Major General.
90. Oganovsky Pyotr Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1910)
91. Piradov Konstantin Andreevich Major General (1911)
92. Pozoev Georgy Avetikovich Major General (1915)
93. Pozoev Leon Avetikovich Lieutenant General (1913)
94. Pozoev Ruben Avetikovich Major General (1915)
95. Salagov Semyon Ivanovich (1756–1820), lieutenant general (1800)
96. Sanjanov Israel Agaparunovich Major General (1888)
97. Saradzhev Vasily Alexandrovich Major General (1903)
98. Serebryakov Lazar Markovich (1792–1862), admiral of the fleet.
99. Semyon Osipovich Serebryakov Major General (1856)
100. Silikov Movses Mikhailovich (1862–1937), major general (1917)
101. Simonov Ivan Iosifovich Major General (1911)
102. Sumbatov Georgy Luarsabovich Major General (1877)
103. Sumbatov David Alexandrovich Lieutenant General (1888)
104. Sumbatov Mikhail Luarsabovich (1822–1886), major general (1883)
105. Tamamshev Vasily Mikhailovich Major General (1913)
106. Tanutrov Zakhar Egorovich Major General (1854)
107. Takhatelov Isak Artemyevich Lieutenant General
108. Ter-Akopov-Ter-Markosyants Vagharshak Major General (1916)
109. Ter-Asaturov Dmitry Bogdanovich Lieutenant General (1886)
110. Ter-Asaturov Nikolai Bogdanovich Major General (1910)
111. Tergukasov Arzas Artemyevich (1819–1881), lieutenant general (1874)
112. Tigranov Leonid Faddeevich Major General (1916)
113. Tumanov Alexander Georgievich (1821–1872), lieutenant general (1871)
114. Tumanov Georgy Alexandrovich (1856–1918), cavalry general (1916)
115. Tumanov Georgy Evseevich (1839–1901), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1891)
116. Tumanov Isaak Shioshievich (1803–1880), lieutenant general (1871)
117. Tumanov Konstantin Aleksandrovich (1862–1933), lieutenant general (1917)
118. Tumanov Mikhail Georgievich (1848–1905), major general (1902)
119. Tumanov Nikolai Georgievich Lieutenant General (1911)
120. Tumanov Nikolay Evseevich (1844–1917), engineer-general (1907)
121. Tumanov Nikolai Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1914)
122. Uzbashev Artemy Solomonovich Major General (1892)
123. Khastatov Akim Vasilyevich (1756–1809), major general (1796)
124. Khodjaminasov Tarkhan Agamalovich Lieutenant General (1882)
125. Khristoforov Lazar (1690–1750), major general (1734)
126. Chilyaev Boris Gavrilovich (1798–1864), major general.
127. Chilyaev Sergey Gavrilovich (1803–1864), major general (1850)
128. Shaitanov Dmitry Avanesovich Major General (1877)
129. Shakhatunyan Gevorg Oganesovich (1836–1915), major general (1887)
130. Shelkovnikov Boris Martynovich (1837–1878), major general (1876)
131. Shelkovnikov Vladimir Yakovlevich Major General (1886)
132. Ebelov Mikhail Isaevich (1855–1919), general of infantry (full general of infantry)
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In the Soviet Union, the generals of the tsarist army, who went over to the side of the Bolsheviks, were treated with great respect. Each of them had their own reasons for breaking their oath to the emperor.
Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich
Mikhail Dmitrievich Bonch-Bruevich became the first tsarist general who went over to the side of the "Reds" after October revolution. One of the reasons why he, who swore allegiance to the Tsar and the Fatherland, turned away from the old regime and took the side of the enemy of his Sovereign, was the discrepancy between the ideals that the tsarist government preached and the reality in which the Russian people lived. Bonch-Bruevich himself wrote: “Loyalty to the monarchical system implied confidence that we, in Russia, have the best form of government and because everything is better with us than anywhere else. "Kvass" patriotism was inherent in all people of my profession and circle, and therefore, every time the true state of affairs in the country was discovered, a crack widened in the soul. It became clear that royal Russia can no longer live like this, and even more so to fight ... ".
According to Mikhail Dmitrievich, “the interests of Russia and the dynasty are by no means the same thing; the former were to be unconditionally sacrificed to the latter.” Since the Romanov dynasty was closely related to the German princes and the emperor German Empire According to Bonch-Bruyevich, the Romanovs forgave even the most blatant betrayals during the war, if they were committed by people close to the imperial court. In the "reds" Bonch-Bruevich saw " the only force capable of saving Russia from collapse and complete annihilation.
Alexey Brusilov
Alexey Alekseevich Brusilov, who became famous for his famous "Brusilov breakthrough", after the February and October revolutions, firmly decided not to separate from the soldiers and remain in the army "as long as it exists or until they replace me." Later, he said that he considered it the duty of every citizen not to abandon his people and live with them, no matter what it cost him.
The general's past was the reason for the arrest of Brusilov by the Cheka in August 1918, but thanks to the petition of the general's colleagues who were already in the Red Army, Brusilov was soon released. While he was under house arrest until 1918, his son, a former cavalry officer, was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army. Fighting on the fronts of the Civil War, during the offensive of General Denikin's troops on Moscow, he was captured and hanged.
For his father, this was the last straw. Judging by his memoirs My Memoirs, he never fully trusted the Bolsheviks. But he fought on their side until the very end.
Vasily Altvater
Rear Admiral of the Russian Fleet Vasily Mikhailovich Altvater, who participated in the defense of Port Arthur during Russo-Japanese War and worked in the Naval Administration during the First World War, became the first commander of the RKKF. Here is what he wrote in his statement to the Bolsheviks: “Until now, I served only because I considered it necessary to be useful to Russia. I didn't know you and didn't believe you. Even now, much is not clear to me, but I am convinced that you love Russia, more than many of ours.
Altvater succumbed to the general disillusionment with the previous regime, which proved unable to bring the country out of the crisis. On the one hand, he saw corruption and the decayed fleet management apparatus, on the other hand, a new force, the power of the soviets, which, with loud slogans, easily won the hearts of sailors, soldiers and ordinary people. According to sources, for Altvater, service in the Navy was not a means of subsistence, but the profession of a “defender of the motherland.” Feeling long for the future of Russia pushed him to go over to the side of the "Reds".
Alexander von Taube
Alexander Alexandrovich von Taube, lieutenant general Russian army, went over to the side of the Soviet government and became known as the "Siberian Red General". He, like Altvater, was one of the first to go over to the side of the Bolsheviks, guided by his personal conviction that the cause of the communists was right. Not the last role in his choice was played by the devastation that reigned in the army, which neither the emperor nor the Provisional Government could cope with. During civil war he participated in the creation of a combat-ready Red Army, actively and successfully fought against the White Guard forces.
Dmitry Shuvaev
Dmitry Savelyevich Shuvaev - General of Infantry, Minister of War of the Russian Empire during the First World War, was arrested by the Cheka immediately after the October Revolution and could not emigrate from the country. Therefore, after his release, he decided to take advantage of the offer of the Soviet authorities and join the Red Army.
Shuvaev took the post of chief military commissar in Petrograd, as well as a teacher in the Higher Tactical Shooting School "Shot" in Moscow. But in 1937 he was twice accused of counter-revolutionary activities and anti-Soviet agitation, and shot in Lipetsk.
