Birthday December 04, 1884

red military leader, participant in the First World War and the Civil War

Biography

Kuban Cossack. In 1916 he graduated from the military paramedic school. Since April 1917, for some time he was a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

Participation in World War I

During the First World War, he served in the 1st Labinsk Regiment of the Caucasian Front as a paramedic.

In 1915 he was sent to the Tiflis ensign school.

In 1916-1917 he served in the 3rd Line Regiment. In 1917 he was promoted to Esauly. He was awarded the St. George Cross of the 3rd and 4th degree.

Participation in the Civil War

In early 1918 he organized the first Red Cossack detachment in the Kuban.

Since February 1918 - Assistant Commander of the South-Eastern Red Army.

During the First Kuban Campaign of the Volunteer Army (February 9 - April 30, 1918) he actually led all the Soviet forces opposing it in the Kuban.

March 1 (14), 1918, after leaving Yekaterinodar without a fight by the Kuban army of General Pokrovsky, Sorokin's troops occupy the city:

He took part in the defense of Yekaterinodar during the unsuccessful assault on the city by the Volunteer Army on March 27 (April 9) - March 31 (April 13), 1918.

In June 1918 - assistant to the commander of the troops of the Kuban Soviet Republic A. I. Avtonomov.

In April-May 1918, he supported the commander-in-chief of the North Caucasian Red Army A. I. Avtonomov in his conflict with the civil authorities of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic. Shortly after the removal of Avtonomov due to this conflict and the appointment of K. I. Kalnin in his place, on July 21 (August 4), 1918, he replaced the latter, after the defeat of the Reds by the Volunteer Army near Tikhoretskaya and Kushchevskaya (see Second Kuban campaign), as commander-in-chief Red Army of the North Caucasus.

Sorokin's army consisted of 30-40 thousand soldiers of the former Caucasian Front with 80-90 guns and 2 armored trains, was located in the Kushchevka-Sosyk area and had two fronts:
- to the north against the Germans;
- to the northeast against the Don and Volunteer armies.

In October 1918 - commander of the 11th Red Army.

Power struggle and doom

At the end of October 1918, a conflict broke out between Sorokin and the Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasus.

At this time, the process of reorganization of the Red Army, the strengthening of "revolutionary discipline", the establishment of subordination, known as the "fight against partisanism" took place. Many commanders, including Sorokin, accustomed to being independent in their actions and having practically unlimited power in controlled areas, did not like these innovations.

The Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasus pursued the line of the center for a regular organization. In the struggle for elusive power, at the request of Sorokin, the commander of the Taman army, I. I. Matveev, was first shot, and on October 21, 1918, in Pyatigorsk, Sorokin ordered the execution of a group of leaders of the Central Executive Committee of the North Caucasian Soviet Republic and the Regional Committee of the RCP (b): Chairman of the Central Executive Committee A. A. Rubin, secretary of the regional committee M. I. Krainy, chairman of the front-line Cheka B. Rozhansky, authorized CEC for food S. A. Dunayevsky.

In connection with this open speech against the Soviet regime, on October 14 (27), 1918, the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the North Caucasus was convened. The congress removed Sorokin from the post of Commander-in-Chief and appointed I. F. Fedko in his place, who was ordered by the Central Executive Committee to immediately take up his duties. Sorokin was outlawed.

On October 17 (30), 1918, Sorokin and his staff were detained by the cavalry regiment of the Taman army under the command of M. V. Smirnov. The Tamantsy, having disarmed Sorokin's headquarters and personal escort, imprisoned them together with the former commander in chief in the Stavropol prison.

On October 19 (November 1), 1918, the commander of the 3rd Taman Regiment of the 1st Taman Infantry Division, I. T. Vyslenko, shot I. L. Sorokin in the prison yard.

In response to the execution of the leaders of the Central Executive Committee on October 19 (November 1), 1918, more than 100 people were executed in Pyatigorsk (according to some sources they were shot, according to others they were hacked to death with swords): 58 hostages, including generals of the former imperial army Radko-Dmitriev and Ruzsky, and 47 convicted of various crimes from counterfeiting to participation in counter-revolutionary detachments and organizations

Shcherbakov Sergey Alexandrovich

The work is aimed at establishing the historical truth about a countryman known throughout the country, a resident of the village of Petropavlovskaya, Sorokin Ivan Lukich. This should help to create a sense of pride for their small homeland, love for it and respect for cultural heritage among all residents of the village of Petropavlovskaya.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Krasnodar Territory

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

secondary school No. 10

Sorokin Ivan Lukich.

The fate of the Cossack in the history of one village.

Prepared by: Shcherbakov Sergey Alexandrovich

8 B class student

MAOUSOSH No. 10

Contact phone: 8-952-866-55-93

Head: Shcherbakova Olga Anatolyevna

primary school teacher

MAOUSOSH No. 10

Krasnodar region, Kurganinsky district,

Home address: Krasnodar Territory, Kurganinsky District,

Art. Petropavlovskaya, st. D. Poor, 37 A (index 352 402)

Contact phone: 8-918-958-75-19

Consultant: Head of the Peter and Paul Museum

Epremidze Valentina Yakovlevna

Stanitsa Petropavlovskaya

year 2012

Introduction

Often, in a conversation even with strangers, one can hear: “Oh, these Sorokinites!”; "Ay, yes Sorokinets!". All this is said about my countrymen, residents of the village of Petropavlovskaya. Some say it with pride, others, as if cursing this word. For a long time I could not understand whether to be proud or ashamed of this word, which also applies to me. Exploring articles about Sorokin I.L. On the Internet, I also met conflicting data.This is the purpose and objectives of my research.

Purpose: Find out the truth about the resident of the village of Petropavlovskaya Sorokin Ivan Lukich.

Tasks:

Find written sources that can reliably tell about I.L. Sorokin;

Outline the circle of people who could talk about it;

Develop the ability to collect and analyze information, learn how to work with various sources;

Organize working materials for the presentation;

To make public the biography of Ivan Lukich Sorokin through speeches on classroom hours our school.

Object of study:the history of the village of Petropavlovskaya from the moment of its inception to the present day.

Subject of study:biography of Sorokin Ivan Lukich in the context of the history of his native village.

Problem: Who is Sorokin Ivan Lukich - a hero or a bandit? And how to treat him to me and all his countrymen.

Hypothesis: Establishing the historical truth about a countryman known throughout the country, a resident of the village of Petropavlovskaya, Ivan Lukich Sorokin, will help to form not only for me personally, but for all the inhabitants of the village a sense of pride in their small homeland, love for it and respect for cultural heritage.

Research plan:

Used the following research methods:observation, work with literary sources, Internet sources; interviews, surveys, processing of statistical data, research of historical documents with description, analysis and comparison of local history sources (work in archives, museums).

General characteristics of the village of Petropavlovskaya

Often the character of a person determines the place where he was born and raised. Therefore, before turning to the biography of Ivan Lukich, I decided to get acquainted with the history of my native village and for this I turned to the administration of the rural settlement and the local history museum of the village of Petropavlovskaya.

The village of Petropavlovskaya is one of the oldest Cossack settlements in the Kurganinsky district, and in the Kuban. Founded in 1845. Petropavlovtsy is distinguished by diligence, hospitality, and mercy. The village has crossed a half-century milestone. Much has been preserved from the good Cossack traditions.

Gardens and vineyards all around. In spring and summer, along the banks of Chamlyk and Sinyukha, weeping willows bathe their branches in the water surface. And beyond the outskirts there is a boundless expanse of fields, vegetable gardens, fabulously beautiful places!

But how did it all start? With the light hand of Catherine II, who gave the go-ahead for the settlement of fertile lands, people from the volosts and provinces of Russia, as well as Ukraine, were drawn to the Kuban. In the early morning, a group of horsemen kept their way from the side of the present Labinsk region and moved towards the Kuban village. Behind them stretched a dozen and a half wagons. We stopped at a steppe river. (Attachment 1)

Its clear, crystal water, clean air, as if bewitched tired travelers. Tired of drill and campaigns, the soldiers found a new berth on the left bank of the Chamlyk River. (Appendix 2) The place was convenient: the forest was far away, flat steppes, it was impossible to get close to the Cossack barracks unnoticed.

Here, on the steppe expanse, the Cossacks arrived by decree of Catherine II from the former fourth brigade of the Labinsk army. The so-called Labinskaya line of defense against the raids of the Circassians and Circassians was created. It was based on a large territory of the Kuban and guarded the borders of the southern borders. At first it was a military camp. Later it became known as the village.

According to one of the oldest residents of the village Tokmakova, Uliana Evseevna, who was born in 1861 in the Voronezh region and moved to live with her parents in the village in 1875, it is recorded that in addition to the Cossacks who defended the borders, civilians could also live in the village. People moved to the village mainly from the Oryol, Voronezh, Ryazan provinces. Uliana Evseevna lived 105 years and died in 1966.

From the archival chronicle preserved in the museum, one can learn that in the first years of the foundation of the village, about two thousand people lived in it, and ten years later the population increased by more than three times, and after a quarter of a century, more than seven thousand were added. Every five years, until 1917, there was an increase of two to three thousand. Families grew. Statistics confirm: from 1880 to 1917, there was not a single divorce in the village. Is this not an object lesson in the strength of the family, love, harmony?

By 1916, more than 17 thousand people lived in the village. At their service are 16 water and windmills, four dairies, two handicraft tanneries, five forges, nine bridges over the Chamlyk River. The villagers are armed with 40 steam hammers and more than 300 sheave binders. In every yard - living creatures: horses, cows, sheep, goats, birds. At local residents there were about 40 thousand birds. The Chamlyk River abounded in fish. There was something to bring to the table. New buildings are growing. Before the 1st World War, Petropavlovskaya was one of the richest and most competent villages of the Kuban.

According to modern data, as of 01.10.2011, 6685 people live in the village.

Faith in God is the most important feature of any Cossack

Studying the sources, I involuntarily noticed that all the Cossacks were very religious, the main judge of their actions was God's judgment. And therefore, before turning to the personality of I.L. Sorokin, one must get acquainted with the temples of the village of Petropavlovskaya.

Sunday and holidays working was considered a sin. In the morning the whole family went to church. After allPetropavlovskaya - dedicated to ChristianapostlesPeter And Pavel or named after them.

Initially, in the center of the village in 1845, the Cossacks built a temple, illuminated in honor of Peter and Paul. (Appendix 3) Many Cossack settlements in the Kuban owe their names to Orthodox holidays. Settlements receive such names most often on the day of foundation, when they are consecrated and named according to the canons of Orthodoxy. Peter became a symbol of the church hierarchy, with its orderliness and discipline, and Paul became a symbol of “free” Christianity, living in the spirit, and not according to the letter of the canons and rules. But still, the apostles are one: "Peter's" and "Pavlov's" in the Church complement each other. Both apostles suffered for the faith of Christ.

As we see on the canvas, the temple (Appendix 3), consecrated in honor of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul, was located in the center of the village. It was wooden. How beautiful this temple was, with the ringing of domes announcing Sundays, Orthodox holidays for all the inhabitants of the village. In 1937 the temple was destroyed. And a club was built from church building material, which lasted until 1982. How this temple looked like, we can find out by getting acquainted with the picture-panorama "Cossack Circle". The length of the canvas is almost 4 meters, and the width is two. It was designed with oil paints by local artist A.V. Dmitriev. According to old photocopies, the stories of the villagers, he reproduced the Cossack center of the village from the beginning of its formation until 1930.

And if today everything that is depicted in the panorama were “revived”, really, it would turn out to be a unique open-air museum!

But now, through the efforts of Father Nikolai, rector of the St. Demetrius Church in the village of Petropavlovskaya, a worship cross has been erected at this place. Every year on the day of memory of the apostles Peter and Paul on July 12, a procession to the memorial cross is made, at which Father Nikolai performs a prayer service. (Appendix 4) How many Orthodox come this day to pray for forgiveness at this cross. They come from neighboring villages: Mikhailovskaya, the Krasnoye Znamya farm, the village of Nikolensky, the city of Kurganinsk. Lord, forgive us!

Cossacks - the last "Russian knights"

At all times, the Cossack prowess was valued.Until recently, the Cossacks throughout Russia kept the old knightly principle of "service for the land." They were rightfully considered the last Russian knights. Cossacks took part in all the wars of Russia. They played the role of the first violin - they were ahead of the armies, studied the area, conducted reconnaissance, caused panic in the rear of the enemy, during the retreat of our troops, the Cossacks provided cover. They feared nothing and no one but God. According to many foreigners who saw them in peacetime, the Cossacks were the only in the world, incomparable and inimitable cavalry. This is exactly how Sorokin showed himself in battles. (Annex 5)

Ivan Lukich Sorokin was born on 4(16) December years in Art. Petropavlovsk Oh, Labinsky department but, Kuban region And, Russian empireAnd. He graduated from the school in the village of Petropavlovskaya with honors. After he graduated from the military paramedic school with honors. DuringWorld War Iserved in the 1st Labinsk Regiment of the Caucasian Front as a paramedic. Full St. George Cavalier. In the front-line newspaper of that time, in the article “St. George's Crusaders”, they wrote: “Ivana's namesakes - Sorokin, Lazarenko, Andrey Krasnikov distinguished themselves well. The three of them "did so many things" there, on the front line, that the Turks were forced to flee, but it was not there. First, three were disarmed and dragged to the headquarters of the regiment, a day later - the same number. They, our countrymen, are real knights-heroes".

IN was sent toTiflisensign school. IN- served in the 3rd Line Regiment. INpromoted to non-commissioned officer.

At the beginning organized the firstRedCossack squad. Ivan Lukich Sorokin during the years of the Civil War formed a detachment of 150 villagers and took him to the front to save Ekaterinodar from the Whites. He moved to Tikhoretsk. Along the way, in each village, he spoke at gatherings and urged to go with him. By the time he reached Tikhoretsk, he already had a whole division. In battles he showed determination, personal courage, military talent.

February - Assistant Commander of the South-Eastern Red Army. DuringFirst Kuban campaignVolunteer army (9 (February 22- April 30 ( may 13) ) actually led all the Soviet forces opposing her in the Kuban. one(March 14th, after leavingYekaterinodarwithout a fight by the Kuban armyGeneral Pokrovsky, Sorokin's troops occupy the city. Participated in the defenseYekaterinodar during unsuccessful assault cities Volunteer army March 27 ( April 9) - March 31 ( April 13) . Sorokin's army consisted of 30-40 thousand fighters of the former Caucasian Front with 80-90 guns and 2 armored trains, was located in the Kushchevka-Sosyk area and had two fronts: to the north against the Germans; northeast againstDonskoyand the Volunteer Army.

Here is his track record.

What am I reading on the site? http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki On March 1, Sorokin's troops entered the city of Ekaterinodar, and unheard-of excesses, robberies and executions began.

What am I reading in the book by Mikhail Alexandrovich Sakke, a member of the Union of Journalists of Russia, “Cossack commander. The truth about Sorokin? Ivan Lukich lived and fought with the Cossacks in peace and health, but he was let down by strife with the party leaders. Seeing his unlimited power in the controlled areas, his huge popularity among the local population (it was considered an honor to fight at Magpie), he is accused of "partisanism". Dies under unknown circumstancesCommander of the Taman Army I. I. MatveevOctober 211918 Sorokin I.L. is accused of his death. In addition, he is accused of shooting inPyatigorskgroup of CEC leadersNorth Caucasian Soviet Republicand the regional committee of the RCP (b): Chairman of the Central Executive Committee A. A. Rubin, secretary of the regional committee M. I. Krainy, chairman of the frontChekaB. Rozhansky, CEC Commissioner for Food S. A. Dunayevsky.Based on the decision of a public body - the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the North Caucasus, he was arrested by a cavalry regimentTaman armyunder the command of M. V. Smirnov17(October 30, deftly stuck the label of "enemy of the people" and wanted to condemn the military tribunal. The Tamantsy, having disarmed Sorokin's headquarters and personal escort, imprisoned them together with the former commander in chief in the Stavropol prison. October 19 (Nov. 1) commander of the 3rd Taman regiment of the 1st Taman infantry division I. T. Vyslanko shot I. L. Sorokin in the prison yard. The years of his life fell on the period of the civil war.

The civil war is rather among the most cruel. No, not by the number of those killed and maimed, but by the strength of the destructive effect on human souls. Both the Reds and the Whites were compatriots, they were only in opposite trenches, but each, Red or White, fought for the Fatherland, only understanding it differently. During the years of the Civil War, fellow Petropavlovtsy fought and served in the units and formations of Sorokin, Budyonny, Voroshilov, Parkhomenko on the one hand, and Kolchak and Denikin on the other hand. Participant of the civil war, resident of the village V.I. Sviridov once said in a conversation: “In that war, six brothers from our family went to the front. Three fought for the Reds and the same number for the Whites. Fate treated them favorably: they all returned home.

The father asked everyone:

What did you fight for?

For the Fatherland, Vasily answered.

For the State, - Ilya echoed.

For Russia, - minted Peter.

For a better life in Russia, Pavel reported.

For the land-breadwinner, - said Denis.

For the free Kuban land, - said Ivan.»

Judging by the answers, no one wanted to cause harm, harm to the Fatherland.

Ivan Lukich fought not for the Reds and not for the Whites, he fought for his native land, for his village. And here are the lines from his last note home: “And we, the Reds, and they, the Whites, swear allegiance to the Fatherland. Both we and they, compatriots, fellow citizens, Russians. Many are brothers and sisters. And the misfortune of our historians and writers was that they ingloriously buried this hero, for whom the Fatherland is the holy of holies. And I agree with S.M. Budyonny that he was a real "Cossack commander who fought for the truth, but it does not always go in agreement with real life". But his life ended tragically. It was hard for the descendants of Ivan Sorokin to live. The humiliating title of "enemy of the people" was firmly entrenched in them. For a long time his wife and sister had to live under a different surname and leave their native village. After 1992, the changes that took place in the country made it possible to openly speak the truth about Sorokin. An appeal was sent by the historian Nikolai Karpov to the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office for the rehabilitation of Sorokin I.L. From the answer (Appendix 6) it follows that no court I.L. Sorokin was not recognized as a criminal. He was arrested on the basis of a public body (Appendix 7), then lynching was committed against him. And since there was no repression, rehabilitation is also impossible. Only his countrymen unanimously expressed their attention to his memory, as evidenced by the monument-bust erected on September 23, 1995 in the center of the village. The bust was made by local artist Alexander Vasilyevich Dmitriev. (Appendix 8). Commander of the Volunteer Army Gen. A. I. Denikin highly appreciated the actions of Sorokin during the battles for Yekaterinodar in the summer of 1918: “... the whole plan testifies to great courage and art. I don't know whose - Sorokin or his headquarters. But if in general the ideological leadership in strategy and tactics during the North Caucasian war belonged to Sorokin himself, then in the person of a nugget medical assistant, Soviet Russia lost a major military leader." The verses of the local poet Vyacheslav Zhidkov just say this.

His fate is fate hero...

Through the millstones of bloody wars

A dashing Cossack passed, sometimes

Sacrificing yourself in battle.

He was incredibly talented

And in my heart I carried my dream,

The soul is soft and supple,

But, like a soldier, he is on duty.

He is in battles with the dashing of a Cossack

In the trenches of the enemy sowed fear.

And faith in God and luck

Was in St. George's crosses.

conclusions

The ambiguous attitude to the personality of Ivan Lukich Sorokin is explained by the fact that in literary and Internet sources conflicting information about him remains. This is superimposed on the very use of the word "Sorokintsy". The research I conducted not only helped me to understand the character of a real Cossack, to see and distinguish the Cossack's daring from barbarism and banditry, but also makes me regret that negative articles about Sorokin are still being published. We have no right to judge our ancestors, neither red nor white, for their political predilections.

Conclusion

Both in the sources and in the opinions of people, there is an ambiguous attitude towards the personality of Sorokin I.L. Therefore, the prospect of my work is: 1) placement on sites containing incorrect information of reliable information; 2) performance in schools at class hours, in order to form correct information about Sorokin I.L. with the students of our school, and through them and in their families. All this in the future will make it possible to instill in all residents of the village a sense of pride in their small homeland, love for it and respect for cultural heritage.

List of used literature:

1. Mikhail Alexandrovich Sakke. Chronicle story. Cossack commander. The truth about Sorokin. 1995

2. Mikhail Alexandrovich Sakke. Chronicle-art collection. Stanitsa temple of history. 1998

3. Denikin A. IEssays on Russian Troubles- M.: Iris-press, 2006. - T. 3; ch. 3. - S. 77. -.

4. Nikolai Karpov. Rebellion of Commander-in-Chief Sorokin: Truth and Fiction.-M.: NP Publishing House "Russian Panorama", 2006.

The adventure of "commander-in-chief" Sorokin

On the night of August 6, detachments of Cossacks and Ossetians attacked Vladikavkaz and captured part of the city. The Bolsheviks tried to organize its defense, but failed and fled to Nazran. There, having gathered the Ingush, they issued a call to march on Vladikavkaz, promising the lands and property of the Ossetians and Cossacks. Up to a thousand Ingush responded to the call. They captured the city and massacred it.

At the same time, the Grozny city council demanded that the Cossacks of the Grozny village surrender their weapons. The Cossacks, having united under the command of Grigory Becherakhov, detachments with a total number of up to 15 thousand people, decided to take Grozny. On August 11, fighting began on the outskirts of the city, which lasted more than two months. Not daring to storm, the Cossacks subjected Grozny to artillery fire. Only on the first day of the siege, 1800 shells were fired at it, and a week later the city turned into ruins.

The Bolsheviks withstood the siege by imposing emergency measures. The leader of the Terek Bolsheviks, S.M. Kirov reported to Moscow: “Grozny represents the besieged camp. The entire male population has been mobilized and is registered. You can leave the city only with the permission of the military revolutionary committee. Everything civilians has a natural duty for the defense of the city.

Sergei Mironovich Kirov, head of the establishment of Soviet power in the Caucasus during the Civil War

On October 29, the approaching units of the Red Army liberated the city and pushed the Cossacks back beyond the Terek. Several other settlements were also liberated. The Bolsheviks perpetrated a cruel reprisal against all those who were suspected of having links with the "bandits". In the fire of these repressions, the a large number of no innocent people.

The attempt to seize Kizlyar, carried out under the leadership of Lev Becherakhov, also ended unsuccessfully for the White Cossacks. By the end of October, Soviet power was established on the Terek. True, she did not last long there. The troops of the Volunteer Army were already advancing from the Kuban to the Terek region, defeating the units of the North Caucasian army of the "Reds" that opposed them.

In November 1918, the regiments of the 3rd Army Corps, which consisted mainly of Kuban Cossacks, entered Ossetia and Ingushetia. The corps commander, General V.P. The Lyakhov mountaineers were demanded to "hand over the Bolsheviks, clear Vladikavkaz and the surrounding villages, restore the demolished Terek villages", but they were in no hurry to show obedience to the command of the Volunteer Army.

But at that time, fermentation began in the ranks of the remnants of the Soviet troops in the Kuban, initiated by the commander of the North Caucasian Soviet Army, I.L. Sorokin, who tried to seize power in southern Russia. There were certain conditions for this.

Back in April 1918, by decision of the Bolsheviks, the Kuban Soviet Republic was created in the Kuban, the “government” of which included representatives of various revolutionary parties. The South-Eastern Army began to be called the troops of the Kuban Soviet Republic. The overall command of these troops was taken by A.I. Avtonomov, and I.L. Sorokin was appointed his assistant. The troops of the Kuban Soviet Republic managed to defend Ekaterinodar, and the Whites began a hasty retreat to the north.

The White army retreated, weakly pursued by detachments under the general command of I.L. Sorokin. Contrary to common sense this persecution, which at first had great success, was stopped by the decision of Ivan Lukich. The troops returned to Yekaterinodar. There, on the orders of Sorokin, the corpse of General Kornilov was delivered. For demonstration, it was exhibited in the central square of the city. The revolutionary troops marched past him in parade formation, after which the body of Lavr Georgievich was publicly burned, and the ashes were scattered in the wind.

At this very time, Don, the Kuban ataman, Colonel A.P., rebelled against the Reds. Filippov also began the mobilization of the Cossacks, entering into negotiations for an alliance with the command of the Volunteer Army. German troops landed in Rostov-on-Don. The situation in the North Caucasus continued to escalate.

In May, between the commander A.I. A conflict arose between the Autonomov and the Soviet leadership of the Kuban. The interference of members of the Emergency Defense Headquarters and the Central Executive Committee of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic in command and control of the troops angered the commander and his assistant. On May 20, Avtonomov ordered the commander of one of the regiments located in Yekaterinodar to arrest members of the Emergency Defense Headquarters. This became known in Tsaritsyn, and the Extraordinary Commissar of the South of Russia E.K. Ordzhonikidze by telegram demanded from Avtonomov unconditional obedience to the decisions of the CEC. Then, having personally arrived in Yekaterinodar, at the end of May he dismissed A.I. Avtonomov from the command of the troops.

I.L. Sorokin somehow managed to get away with supporting Avtonomov's actions in the Kuban in May 1918. It is known that in June-July he commanded the Rostov military site, which collapsed under the pressure of the German troops. On May 2, the Germans occupied Taganrog; on May 8, their troops entered Rostov-on-Don; on May 30, they entered Bataysk. In July 1918, the North Caucasian Soviet Republic was formed as part of the RSFSR, with the city of Ekaterinodar as its capital.

General A.I. Denikin, having replenished the Volunteer Army in Rostov and Novocherkassk, at the end of June 1918 undertook the so-called Second Kuban campaign, which ended in the defeat of the troops of the North Caucasian Soviet Republic and the capture of the western part of the North Caucasus. After that, the authority of the Volunteer Army grew seriously, the Don ataman P.N. began to listen to the opinion of Denikin. Krasnov, whose troops began joint operations with the troops of the Volunteer Army.

But there was no calm in the zone of action of the white troops. Describing this situation, the former General of the Volunteer Army Ya.A. Slashchev wrote: “The Allies gave money, hoping to recoup their expenses over time with Russian coal and oil. The predatory policy of big capital began. The old landowners appeared, dragging the old governors with them. The interests of the Russian petty bourgeoisie, which created the Volunteer Army, began to be trampled on by the interests of big international capital... Even the petty-bourgeois masses felt the oppression and partly retreated from the whites. The proletariat raised its head, uprisings began. Internal fronts were created ... ".

In early July 1918, the troops of the Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic began to be officially called the Red Army of the North Caucasus. The commander-in-chief of these forces at that time was K.I. Kalnin is a turner of the Putilov factory, who had no military experience. His troops suffered one defeat after another, and were cut off from Tsaritsyn and the eastern part of the North Caucasus.

A conflict is brewing between the commander-in-chief and his deputy: Kalnin considered the front against the Germans to be the main one, and the front against the Volunteer Army was secondary; Sorokin had a different opinion. He was little interested in the events that took place in the Rostov-on-Don region, but he was very worried about things in the Kuban itself. Therefore, he in every possible way evaded the implementation of Kalnin's orders to transfer troops from near Bataysk to other areas. The Whites occupied Stavropol, and on July 27 their troops entered Armavir. From the north, the Kuban Cossack division of General Pokrovsky and the 1st cavalry division of General Erdeli advanced on Ekaterinodar. But in early August 1918, the White offensive was stopped.

Sorokin overestimated the private successes achieved and reported to the Central Executive Committee of the North Caucasian Republic about them as the complete defeat of Denikin's Volunteer Army. As a result, at a meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the North Caucasian Republic on August 3, 1918, I.L. Sorokin.

Ivan Lukich immediately put into practice a number of measures aimed at increasing the combat capability of the troops entrusted to him. Forced mobilization of the local population, requisition of horses and other property begins. Former officers of the tsarist army are appointed to staff and a number of command posts. In parallel with this, special detachments of anarchists and former criminals are being created, subordinate directly to the commander.

A bold plan for the defense of Yekaterinodar was developed, designed mainly for the revolutionary mood of the Cossacks. I.L. Sorokin personally speaks at rallies in the Cossack units, promising all sorts of benefits to this estate. Under the guise of fighting the "enemies of the revolution", the entire wealthy part of the city was plundered. Wine warehouses and numerous wine shops were opened. Drunken crowds of armed Sorokinites smashed rich houses, killed their owners, raped women, and carried away all valuable property. No one thought about organizing the defense of Yekaterinodar.

Ivan Lukich himself set up his headquarters in the best building in the city, surrounding him with detachments of Cossacks loyal to him. Every day he went to the streets of Yekaterinodar on a beautiful white horse, surrounded by a large retinue, accompanied by a large convoy. The people saw in front of them not the red commander-in-chief, but the governor of the Caucasus, whom Sorokin tried to present himself to. He delved into issues not only of the military, but also of the civil administration of the city, and, having no experience and opportunities to solve them, he immediately found the guilty among local officials, who were waiting for a quick trial and public reprisal. Thanks to these measures, Sorokin's personal authority among part of the local population was constantly growing. The myth of the "folk hero" was taking shape, in which Ivan Lukich played a leading role.

But the enemy is strong enough. His troops continue the offensive, and on August 17, the advanced units of the Volunteer Army enter Yekaterinodar, the defense of which was practically not carried out.

Thus, Sorokin did not make due efforts to hold the capital of the Kuban, despite the fact that the Soviet troops outnumbered the enemy troops. It turned out that part of the troops refused to obey Sorokin's orders, left his subordination and spontaneously began to retreat.

At the end of August, Sorokin from the Armavir region sent a report with an assessment of the situation of the Red Army of the North Caucasus to Astrakhan for a report to the Military Council of the North Caucasian Military District in Tsaritsyn. On September 3, this report was presented to both V. Stalin and K.E. Voroshilov. In the report, Sorokin tearfully asked for replenishment of ammunition stocks, but Stalin decided to send them not to the North Caucasus, but to Tsaritsyn. At the same time, on July 26, Stalin sent a telegram to Moscow, in which he wrote: “The situation of the entire Kuban army is desperately unsightly, the army was left without necessary items weapons, she is cut off and driven to the sea.”

At the end of August, the Whites launched an offensive against Armavir. Part of the Soviet troops under the command of D.P. The rednecks who defended this area, taking advantage of the absence of the commander, got out of obedience and began to commit excesses. They demanded large Money, threatening reprisals against the commissars. Having received a refusal, they decided to leave the position.

Upon learning of these atrocities, I.L. Sorokin ordered the arrest and execution of the main instigator. But the commanders of this group, under the pretext of distrusting the commander in chief, decided to leave the North Caucasus and withdraw troops to Tsaritsyn, where Zhloba himself had been stationed since July 10. Taking advantage of this, the Whites went on the offensive and occupied Armavir.

At the end of August, in Nevinnomyssk, where the headquarters of I.L. Sorokin, arrived from Tsaritsyn Zhloba with an order to immediately move to Tsaritsyn. From this order, the reasons for the withdrawal of the Red Army of the North Caucasus to Tsaritsyn were not clear; neither the Extraordinary Commissar of the South of Russia G.K. Ordzhonikidze, nor in Moscow. This created a very difficult situation for the troops of the Red Army of the North Caucasus.

The confusion began. The commander-in-chief tried to establish command and control of the troops, but he did not succeed. D.P. The goon refused to follow his orders and, having loaded the troops into echelons, on September 10 he headed for Tsaritsyn. Sorokin sent telegrams about the detention and disarmament of Zhloba's troops, but his orders remained only on paper, since there were no forces to carry them out.

The command of the Southern Front immediately sent a number of directives regarding plans to Sorokin's headquarters further action began to demand constant reports on many issues. At the same time, some orders often contradicted others. So, if the order of August 22 demanded the withdrawal of troops to Tsaritsyn, then the order of September 24 ordered to hold the North Caucasus at any cost.

The Red Army of the North Caucasus was retreating without a definite plan for conducting combat operations. With battles, she retreated to the east, and in September they joined with the troops of the Taman army, which shortly before that, in August - September 1918, made a heroic transition from the Black Sea coast to the Armavir region, described in the novel by A.S. Serafimovich "Iron Stream". Its troops, numbering about 100 thousand people with 185 guns, occupied the line along the rivers Laba, Kuban, Nevinnomyssk, fighting with the troops of the Volunteer Army and thereby assisting the red troops defending Tsaritsyn.

In early October, by order of the commander of the Southern Front, all troops subordinate to him were brought together into five armies. The commanders of the armies are appointed K.E. Voroshilov, Sorokin and Avtonomov. Stalin is appointed chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the front, and Voroshilov occupies two responsible positions at once: in addition to the army commander, he holds the position of assistant commander and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the front.

Events near Tsaritsyn are developing in favor of the Soviet command. The rebellious division of Zhloba struck from the rear at the White troops and forced them to move away from Tsaritsyn. At the insistence of Stalin, Zhloba received a nominal cigarette case from the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.

I.L. Sorokin lost the high title of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army of the North Caucasus and was appointed commander of the 11th Army operating in the Kuban. Ivan Lukich did not like this very much. By that time, he was used to considering himself the sole master of the entire North Caucasus, and did not want to obey the orders of the front commander P.P. Sytin and members of his Revolutionary Military Council. He continued to send out directives to commanders previously subordinate to him and demanded that they be carried out contrary to the directives of the command of the Southern Front. This led to conflicts, in the resolution of which Ivan Lukich acted extremely harshly.

So, in early October 1918, with a small group of supporters, he arrived in Stavropol, where the headquarters of the Taman army was located at that time, and demanded that its command unquestioningly carry out his orders. Commander of the Taman Army I.I. Matveev replied that he was following the directives of the command of the Southern Front. Sorokin was furious with this answer, accused Matveev of treason and obtained an order from the Revolutionary Military Council to execute him. After that, having reorganized the troops of the army, Sorokin began the assault on Stavropol. On October 27, the city was taken by the Reds. Ivan Lukich entered this city with his staff like a victor. The usual arrests and executions for that time, confiscation of property, robberies, violence, and drinking began.

In October, disagreements between I.L. Sorokin and his headquarters, on the one hand, and the Revolutionary Military Council of the 11th Army and the Central Executive Committee of the North Caucasian Republic, on the other. Opponents of the commander reported that Ivan Lukich and his staff were so disorganized that they were not engaged in planning and directing military operations. In response to this, at a meeting of the commanding staff, which took place in Pyatigorsk on October 15, Sorokin bluntly stated that the Central Executive Committee and the Revolutionary Military Council were preventing him from fulfilling the duties of a commander. At the same meeting, the indignant secretary of the regional committee of the party, M.I. Extreme (Shneiderman) wrote a note to the chairman of the North Caucasian Cheka M.P. Vlasov, which ended with the words: "... one of these days the issue should be resolved, either this bastard, or us." But this note, carelessly thrown to Vlasov, fell into the hands of Sorokin.

On October 21, 1918, Sorokin ordered to cordon off the Bristol Hotel, where the Central Executive Committee of the North Caucasian Republic was located, and to arrest a number of senior officials of the Central Executive Committee, the chairman of the front-line Cheka, and immediately shoot them. The commander's adjutant carried out this order: the arrested were taken to Mount Mashuk and shot. Several days later M.P. was hunted down, arrested and shot. Vlasov.

In order to somehow explain his actions, Sorokin accused all those shot of having links with the White Guards and even on October 22 issued a special leaflet on this occasion. Moreover, to confirm these accusations, the CEC secretary Minkov and the younger brother of Krainiy were arrested, who, having given the necessary testimony, were also shot.

Only after that did Moscow see the dictatorial habits of the red commander-in-chief, who was declared an enemy of the revolution. On October 27, the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the North Caucasian Republic declared Sorokin outside the law. He was arrested and had to face trial. But the Bolsheviks had no time to observe the rule of law. On November 1, 1918, I. Vyslenko, deputy regiment commander of the 1st Taman Infantry Division, arrived at the building where the former commander was located. Entering the room where the interrogation took place, he asked: “Who will be Sorokin?” Convinced that he was exactly the one who was needed, Vyslenko shot him at point-blank range and killed him.

Thus ended the story of the Sorokin rebellion in the Kuban. True, after an investigation into what happened, G.K. Ordzhonikidze in July 1919 reported the following to the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR: “After the capture of Prokhladnaya, we learned about the state of the XI Army and about the affairs that took place in Pyatigorsk, about the execution of our best comrades by Sorokin, about the execution of Sorokin in Stavropol. Here I consider it my duty to state that despite all the unbridled Sorokin, despite his crime committed against our comrades, he had no ties with the counter-revolution. The Sorokin story was created on the basis of the retreat of the Kuban army and distrust between Sorokin and the leaders of the Kuban Soviet power.

I.F. took command of the 11th Army. Fedko. But this association could not resist the pressure of Denikin's troops from the north. The Soviet government, having held out in the North Caucasus for almost 11 months, was losing its positions to more organized forces.

TEAM OF CAPTAIN 2nd RANK A.A. SOROKINA IN THE WATERS OF THE PARTENOPEAN REPUBLIC, THE CAPTURE OF NAPLES F.F. Ushakov sent a detachment of captain 2nd rank A.A. to the eastern shores of the Parthenopean Republic in Brindisi to assist the Neapolitan government. Sorokin (four

From the book All Caucasian Wars of Russia. The most complete encyclopedia author Runov Valentin Alexandrovich

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EXPEDITION "CHELYUSKIN": ADVENTURE OR JUSTIFIED RISK? The Arctic has always attracted courageous and obsessed people - explorers, travelers, discoverers like a magnet. Dozens of expeditions, Russian and foreign, rushed to a new and decisive assault

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Generals against the commander-in-chief “I went to bed at three o'clock,” Nicholas II noted in his diary, “because I talked for a long time with General Ivanov, whom I send to Petrograd with troops to restore order. We left Mogilev at five o'clock in the morning. The weather was frosty and sunny.” General from

Kuban Cossack. In 1916 he graduated from the military paramedic school. Since April 1917, for some time he was a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party.

Participation in World War I

During the First World War, he served in the 1st Labinsk Regiment of the Caucasian Front as a paramedic.

In 1915 he was sent to the Tiflis ensign school.

In 1916-1917 he served in the 3rd Line Regiment. In 1917 he was promoted to Esauly. He was awarded the St. George Cross of the 3rd and 4th degree.

Participation in the Civil War

In early 1918 he organized the first Red Cossack detachment in the Kuban.

Since February 1918 - Assistant Commander of the South-Eastern Red Army.

During the First Kuban Campaign of the Volunteer Army (February 9 - April 30, 1918) he actually led all the Soviet forces opposing it in the Kuban.

March 1 (14), 1918, after leaving Yekaterinodar without a fight by the Kuban army of General Pokrovsky, Sorokin's troops occupy the city:

He took part in the defense of Yekaterinodar during the unsuccessful assault on the city by the Volunteer Army on March 27 (April 9) - March 31 (April 13), 1918.

In June 1918 - assistant to the commander of the troops of the Kuban Soviet Republic A. I. Avtonomov.

In October 1918 - commander of the 11th Red Army.

Power struggle and doom

At the end of October 1918, a conflict broke out between Sorokin and the Revolutionary Military Council of the North Caucasus.

In connection with this open speech against the Soviet regime, on October 14 (27), 1918, the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the North Caucasus was convened. The congress removed Sorokin from the post of Commander-in-Chief and appointed I.F. Fedko in his place, who was ordered by the Central Executive Committee to immediately take up his duties. Sorokin was outlawed.

On October 19 (November 1), 1918, the commander of the 3rd Taman Regiment of the 1st Taman Infantry Division, I. T. Vyslenko, shot I. L. Sorokin in the prison yard.

Ivan Lukich Sorokin

I. L. Sorokin was one of those true heroes of the Civil War, whom he “splashed out” on top of those historical events a violent whirlpool of armed confrontation between the Red and White movements. He became such a nugget of the people during the armed struggle of two polar class forces, such as, for example, the Cossacks Mironov and Shkuro, Kashirin and Semyonov, Podtelkov and Pokrovsky ...

Ivan Sorokin was born in the village of Petropavlovsk Kuban region in a Cossack family of medium income. From childhood, he was distinguished by a decisive character, which, however, did not prevent him from successfully graduating from the Yekaterinodar military paramedic school. She trained regimental medical workers for the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops.

... The First World War began for military assistant Sorokin in the ranks of the priority 1st Kuban plastun brigade on the Caucasian front. There, the Cossack infantry from the banks of the Kuban, the Don and the Terek demonstrated miracles of heroism, having distinguished themselves in almost all the battles with the Turks, which were conducted by the Separate Caucasian Army under the command of the illustrious commander of old Russia, Infantry General N. N. Yudenich. These were Sarykamysh and Ardagan, Erzerum and Trebizond, Erzinjan and Hopa…

Military assistant Ivan Sorokin fought “approximately”, more than once replacing scouts and junior commanders in the trenches in battle. He was noticed by his superiors and awarded military decorations. Already in the second year of the war, in 1915, he was sent to study at the 3rd Tiflis School of Ensigns, from which he graduated with the rank of Cossack cornet.

At first, Sorokin served as a junior hundredth officer in the 3rd Linear Cossack Regiment. After new distinctions in battles with the Turks, he receives the rank of Yesaul and becomes the commander of a hundred of the 1st Labinsk Cossack Regiment of the 2nd Caucasian Cossack Division. I had to fight all the same on the Caucasian front ...

Energetic Yesaul Ivan Sorokin did not stay away from the October events. At the beginning of 1918, when the old Russian army ceased to exist, and the Cossack front-line soldiers returned to their native villages and farms, the former officer organized a Cossack revolutionary detachment with a force of 150 sabers. He led his detachment to the Tikhoretskaya railway station, where he joined the South-Eastern Revolutionary Army, commanded by the former Cossack cornet A. I. Avtonomov.

Sorokin famously and successfully commanded his cavalry detachment of countrymen in the Kuban, where the Civil War had been raging since the beginning of 1918. He skillfully commanded, knew how to say an invocative word at a rally, to make a strong-willed decision. People were drawn to Ivan Sorokin, and soon there were up to four thousand Red Cossacks in his detachment. And not only the Cossacks.

The former military paramedic became for the white command, which was based on the specialists of the imperial General Staff, a dangerous adversary. In April 1918, the Sorokin detachment dealt a strong blow to the Kornilov Volunteer Army, which heroically stormed the city of Yekaterinodar.

This success was noticed by the command of the Red troops, and in the same April, Ivan Sorokin became assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic (there was one during the Civil War in Russia). However, soon Sorokin began to show open disobedience to Avtonomov, showing a certain "independence". Although, for the sake of justice, it should be noted that both of them had largely similar views on current events.

But his direct boss also allowed the same in relation to higher authorities. Such was the nature of the Civil War. As a result, for refusing to submit to the control of the Central Executive Committee and the Emergency Headquarters of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic, by decision of the 3rd Congress of Soviets of the same republic, A. I. Avtonomov was removed from his post.

After the removal of Avtonomov in May 1918, Ivan Sorokin quite successfully commanded the complex Rostov combat sector, now against Denikin's Volunteer Army. Then he is entrusted with a group of troops in the North Caucasus.

The Red troops in the Russian South needed a new military leader: decisive, able to win, popular. On August 3, 1918, the political leadership of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic, the former Cossack officer Ivan Lukich Sorokin, was appointed commander-in-chief of the troops of the North Caucasus. On October 3 of the same year, he became the acting commander of the 9th Army.

Without a doubt, Sorokin had excellent organizational skills, personal courage, military experience, which he transferred from the Caucasian front to the flames of the Civil War. Researchers do not question his personal popularity. He advocated that old military specialists serve in the ranks of the Red Army. His speeches at rallies had an "incendiary effect."

But ... soon the commander-in-chief of the Red Army of the North Caucasus became in his frequent public speaking to criticize local party and Soviet bodies for their openly hostile policy towards the Cossacks. He spoke about the fact that the political leadership does not know "local specifics."

A great ambition developed early in him, or, to put it differently, his head was spinning from a high position, rights and opportunities. Although the military successes at the end of 1918 were becoming less and less among the Reds in the Russian South: the Kuban Cossacks in their mass swayed to the side white movement. The white émigré historian A. A. Gordeev wrote about those events as follows:

“... The Reds, under the command of paramedic Sorokin, retreated beyond the Kuban. The second part (Tamanskaya army. - A. Sh.) retreated towards Novorossiysk and further to the Black Sea coast, and from there moved and approached Sorokin's units.

Up to 90,000 Red troops with 124 guns were concentrated on the territory of the Kuban against 35–40,000 volunteers with 89 guns. The villages all the time passed from one hand to another ... "

Sorokin began to strive for unlimited power. On his orders, illegal requisitions, arrests and executions were carried out. In the second half of 1918, he openly opposed himself to the leadership of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic, which maintained close ties with Moscow.

Under the pretext of strengthening discipline in the red units, he removes G. A. Kochergin from command of the Belorechensk district. Orders to shoot the commander of the Taman army, I. I. Matveev, a man of great personal popularity among the fighters, allegedly for failure to comply with his order.

The Sorokinsky conflict with the leadership of the Soviet Republic in the Kuban-Black Sea Territory was drawing to a close. At the congress of the command staff of the Red Army of the North Caucasus, the commander-in-chief accused the political leadership of the republic of poor supply of food and uniforms, ammunition and monetary allowances to the Red troops. In that matured conflict, this speech was the last straw.

Sorokin decide to remove from the post of commander in chief. The matter went on like this. The secretary of the Kuban-Chernomorsky Territory, M. I. Krainy, threw a note to the chairman of the Cheka, M. P. Vlasov, over the table of the presidium of that congress of the Kraskoms. The note said that the question of removing Sorokin would be decided one of these days. The note said:

"...Either this bastard, or us."

However, Vlasov did not notice the note thrown to him. She was raised by the head of the Pyatigorsk garrison Cherny, who was a supporter of the commander in chief.

The next day, Sorokin became aware of the contents of Krainiy's note. He gathers the Military Council of the Army, which makes an accusatory decision against the leadership of the Kuban-Black Sea Territory. The leaders of the region are accused of nothing less than treason to the revolutionary cause and are sentenced to be shot.

On October 21, 1918, at the foot of Mount Mashuk on the outskirts of Pyatigorsk, the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuban-Black Sea Republic, A. A. Rubin, the secretary of the regional committee, M. I. Krainy, the chairman of the Cheka, M. P. Vlasov, and the chairman of the front-line Cheka, B. G. Rozhansky, were shot.

Further events developed quickly. On October 27, the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the North Caucasus met urgently at the Nevinnomysskaya railway station. By his decision, he declared Commander-in-Chief Ivan Sorokin and his three deputies illegal.

On October 30, Sorokin was arrested in Stavropol, near which heavy fighting was going on. Until the trial, he is placed in a city prison under reliable guard - they fear an attempt to release him.

On November 1, I. T. Vyslenko, commander of the 3rd Taman regiment of the Taman army, bursts into the cell with a weapon in his hands. He kills a prisoner: then it was believed that it was a personal revenge for the murder of the commander of the Tamanians Matveev.

eternal questions