Why did you decide to study the life of Vladimir Lenin and then write his biography?
— I started writing about Lenin after I had conducted a large-scale study of the structure of the Bolshevik Party in the period 1917-1923. Then I studied not only those who were members of the Central Committee, but also ordinary communists. Actually, I wanted to understand what kind of responsibility they bear for the terrible events that took place in Russia and other countries. For this, I needed an analysis of the political, economic and cultural background of the October Revolution of 1917.
In addition, I needed to identify the contribution of individual leaders, starting with the founder of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin. But in order to understand Lenin, it was clearly not enough to study the general facts.
Was it difficult to access the archives?
— When in the early 1980s I started writing my trilogy about the political life of Lenin, only those historians who were trusted and considered their own in the USSR could gain access to the Soviet archives. Everything changed in 1991: already in September of this year I arrived in Moscow. And it was then - after the August coup - that access to archival documents was opened.
For two years I studied these previously inaccessible treasures.
By the way, recently such studies have become much easier to obtain in the archives of the Hoover Institute for War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University. There are no less documents about the USSR and Russia than in the Russian archives!
What struck you the most in Lenin's biography?
- Access to the main sources about the life and work of Lenin for many years was limited by the Soviet authorities. After his death, Lenin became a kind of icon. Both in the East and in the West, his image (whether positive or negative) was exploited in a political context. And when the archives were opened, it became possible to understand what Lenin was like in a purely human sense.
He was a bright man who was blinded by his own brightness. He had his own charm. And Lenin was impartial in his calculations. At the same time, he was overwhelmed by unbridled passions, including an obsession with Marxism. Finally, Lenin cheated on his long-suffering devoted wife.
He was a spoiled child and a dangerous genius rolled into one.
- What achievement of Lenin would you call the main one?
— Lenin contributed to the fact that Russia came out of the First World War, and then saved the country from German intervention. And he was able to achieve this, despite the active opposition within his party. Nevertheless, many lands that were part of the Russian Empire were occupied by Germany.
More importantly, it was Russia's withdrawal from the war that contributed to the fact that Germany almost won it. Such a scenario would have been fatal for Lenin, but this did not happen.
Thus, his greatest achievement set the stage for the worst of nightmares.
Still, one should not put Lenin on a pedestal. He would never have taken power if Russia in 1917 had not been in an acute phase of economic, political and military crisis.
What about foreign funding?
- Of course, the Bolsheviks received money from the German authorities, who wanted to weaken the Russian army and bring the "peace party" to power. Of course, this is not the only reason why Lenin came to power. But without German money at the beginning of 1917, Lenin would not have succeeded.
Would anything have come of it without Trotsky?
Lev was a strategist and tactician in the seizure of power in Petrograd in October 1917. He also persuaded Lenin to refuse to ally with other parties on the left. Trotsky was an important figure. But like many politicians who wrote about their activities, he exaggerated his own contribution to the cause of the revolution.
In my opinion, Trotsky is a wonderful example of an arrogant revolutionary politician who, along with Lenin, did not understand how dangerous dictatorship is.
Lenin was still lucky to die in his bed! But Trotsky in 1940 fell victim to the system that he himself helped build.
- And if you remember Joseph Stalin?
“Lenin always felt that Stalin could be used. In general, he appreciated Stalin's ability to rule, intimidate and destroy. Lenin's mistake was that he believed he could always keep Stalin under control. However, when Lenin began to experience health problems, Stalin stopped listening to him. Lenin felt like a father whom his own son decided not to know.
However, Russian and Western historians tend to exaggerate the importance of the contradictions that arose between Lenin and Stalin in 1922-1923.
This conflict is a very minor thing, especially in the light of the emerging Soviet system.
In general, Lenin and Stalin are in many ways the same field: they established a one-party system of government, mobilized society, created a manipulative statehood, committed judicial arbitrariness and stood at the head of militant atheism. Let's not idealize Lenin!
Can we then call the path that Lenin chose to build the state realistic?
- You must be joking! Is it possible to modernize the country and improve people's lives if the economy and society are quarantined?
Lenin did not secure Russia even in international relations. Yes, he kept the Communist International from making dangerous decisions, but this happened after the invasion of Poland in 1920, which turned into a real nightmare for Lenin himself and for the Red Army.
- How did the perception of Lenin's personality change?
- Once upon a time, his figure was considered quite controversial. Western communists admired him, his comrades-in-arms relied on him.
I think that now Lenin is not particularly popular. And the conclusion that Leninism is a disastrous way of organizing society, economy and politics is obvious.
Who will choose a dictatorship if there is a democracy?
There should be no doubt here: the democratic scenario of the development of events after the overthrow of the Romanovs in 1917 was not impossible. Although it is difficult to envy the position of Russia at that time ...
What did Lenin give to modern politics?
— He contributed to the invention of totalitarianism. He had predecessors in revolutionary France, and then followers from among the leaders of the world communist movement of the 20th century.
Despite his brilliant intellect (and perhaps because of it), he did not know what he was doing. Lenin looked at the world through a cloudy glass. And for this "myopia" and self-doubt, millions of people paid with their lives.
What is Lenin's legacy?
The communist past still leaves its mark on modern Russia, despite the fact that the communists themselves have long lost power in the country. The demolition of monuments to Lenin will not help - it is necessary to reform approaches and practices. And only then it will be possible to say that "deleninization" has occurred.
And Lenin's Mausoleum, standing on Red Square in his honor, is not only a defiant architectural object: it is a symbol of the Russian authorities' unwillingness to abandon the past, which brought pain not only to Russia, but also to other states.
Where did Vladimir Ilyich get crazy money for party activities on the eve of the revolution and at its beginning? Over the past decades, interesting materials have been published on this topic, but so far much remains incomprehensible ...
Plots related to the topic "Lenin, money and revolution" are inexhaustible for a historian, a psychologist, and a satirist. After all, the person who, after the complete victory of communism, called for making toilet bowls out of gold in public toilets, who never earned his own living by hard work, did not live in poverty even in prison and in exile and, it seemed, did not know what money was, at the same time made a huge contribution to the theory of commodity-money relations.
What exactly? Not with their pamphlets and articles, of course, but with revolutionary practice. It was Lenin who, in 1919-1921, introduced in revolutionary Russia a moneyless exchange of goods in kind between town and country. The result was a complete collapse of the economy, paralysis of agriculture, massive famine and - as a result - mass uprisings against the power of the RCP (b). It was then, shortly before his death, that Lenin finally understood the importance of money and began the NEP - a kind of "managed capitalism" under the control of the Communist Party.
But now we are not talking about these interesting stories in themselves, but about something else. About where Vladimir Ilyich got crazy money for party activities on the eve of the revolution and at its beginning. Over the past decades, interesting materials have been published on this topic, but so far much remains incomprehensible.
For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, a mysterious well-wisher (individual or collective) gave money to the underground newspaper Iskra, encrypted in the documents of the RSDLP as "California gold mines." In the opinion of some researchers, we are talking about the support of radical Russian revolutionaries by American Jewish bankers, for the most part from Russian Empire, and their descendants, who hated the tsarist government for its official anti-Semitism. During the revolution of 1905-1907, the Bolsheviks were sponsored by American oil corporations in order to eliminate competitors from the world market (namely, the Nobel oil cartel from Baku). In those same years, by his own admission, the Bolsheviks were given money by the American banker Jacob Schiff.
And also - the Syzran manufacturer Yermasov and the Moscow region merchant and industrialist Morozov. Then Schmit, the owner of a furniture factory in Moscow, became one of the financiers of the Bolshevik Party. Interestingly, both Savva Morozov and Nikolai Schmit eventually committed suicide, and a significant part of their inheritance went to the Bolsheviks. And, of course, quite large funds (hundreds of thousands of rubles of that time or tens of millions of hryvnias, according to the current purchasing power) were obtained as a result of the so-called exes, or, more simply, robberies of banks, post offices, and station cash desks. At the head of these actions were two characters with thieves' nicknames Kamo and Koba - that is, Ter-Petrosyan and Dzhugashvili.
Earlier on InfoSMI: Was Hitler afraid that after his death he would be placed next to Lenin in the Mausoleum? Confessions of the man who burned the Fuhrer
However, hundreds of thousands and even millions of rubles invested in revolutionary activities could only shake the Russian Empire, despite all its weaknesses - the structure was too strong. But only in peacetime. With the outbreak of World War I, new financial and political opportunities opened up for the Bolsheviks, which they successfully took advantage of.
... On January 15, 1915, the German ambassador in Istanbul reported to Berlin about a meeting with a Russian citizen Alexander Gelfand (aka Parvus), an active participant in the revolution of 1905-1907 and the owner of a large trading company. Parvus introduced the German ambassador to the plan for the revolution in Russia. He was immediately invited to Berlin, where he met with influential members of the Cabinet of Ministers and advisers to Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg.
Parvus offered to give him a significant amount: firstly, for the development of the national movement in Finland and Ukraine; secondly, in support of the Bolsheviks, who preached the idea of defeating the Russian Empire in an unjust war in order to overthrow the "power of the landlords and capitalists." Parvus' proposals were accepted; on the personal order of Kaiser Wilhelm, he was given two million marks as the first contribution to the "cause of the Russian revolution." Then there were the following cash infusions, and more than one. So, according to Parvus's receipt, on January 29 of the same 1915, he received a million rubles in Russian banknotes for the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The money came with German pedantry.
In Finland and Ukraine, the agents of Parvus (and the German General Staff) turned out to be figures of the second, if not the third row, so their influence on the processes of gaining independence by these countries turned out to be insignificant compared to the objective processes of nation-building in the Russian Empire. But with Lenin, Parvus-Gelfand did not miss. Parvus, according to him, told Lenin that a revolution during this period was possible only in Russia and only as a result of a German victory; in response, Lenin sent his trusted agent Furstenberg (Ganetsky) to work closely with Parvus, which continued until 1918.
Another sum from Germany, not so significant, came to the Bolsheviks through the Swiss deputy Karl Moor - but here it was only about 35 thousand dollars. Money also flowed through the Nia bank in Stockholm; according to the order of the German Imperial Bank No. 2754, accounts of Lenin, Trotsky, Zinoviev and other Bolshevik leaders were opened in this bank. And order No. 7433 of March 2, 1917 provided for the payment of the "services" of Lenin, Zinoviev, Kollontai and others for public propaganda of peace in Russia, where tsarist power had just been overthrown.
Enormous sums of money were used effectively: the Bolsheviks had their own newspapers, distributed free of charge, in every county, in every city; tens of thousands of their professional agitators acted all over Russia; detachments of the Red Guard were formed quite openly. Of course, German gold was not enough here. Although the “poor” political emigrant Trotsky, who was returning from America to Russia in 1917, was seized 10 thousand dollars by customs in the city of Halifax (Canada), it is clear that he sent some considerable money from the banker Yakov Schiff to his like-minded people. The “expropriation of the expropriators” (in other words, the robbery of rich people and institutions), which began in the spring of 1917, provided even more funds. Has anyone wondered by what right the Bolsheviks occupied the house-palace of the ballerina Kshesinskaya and the Smolny Institute in Petrograd?
But in general, the Russian democratic revolution broke out at the beginning of the spring of 1917, unexpectedly for all political subjects within the empire and beyond its borders. It was a spontaneous process of true popular amateur performance both in Petrograd and on the national outskirts of the state. Suffice it to say that a month before the start of the revolution, the leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin, who was in exile in Switzerland, publicly expressed doubt that the politicians of his generation (that is, 40-50-year-olds) would live to see the revolution in Russia. However, it is the radical Russian politicians they rebuilt faster than others and turned out to be ready to "saddle" the revolution - using, as already mentioned, German support.
The Russian revolution was not an accident, it is even surprising that it did not start, say, a year earlier. All social, political and national problems in the Romanov Empire had already escalated to the limit, and this despite the fact that, from the formal economic side, industry was developing dynamically, stocks of weapons, ammunition and ammunition increased significantly. However, the extreme inefficiency of the central government and the corruption of the elite, inevitable in the conditions of autocracy, did their job. And then the purposeful disintegration of the army, the undermining of the rear, the sabotage of attempts to constructively resolve urgent problems, together with the incurable chauvinistic centralism of almost all Great Russian political forces, greatly aggravated the crisis.
During the 1917 campaign, the troops of the Entente were supposed to simultaneously go on a general offensive on all European fronts in the spring. But the Russian army turned out to be unprepared for the offensive, therefore, the April attacks of the Anglo-French troops in the Reims region were defeated, the losses in killed and wounded exceeded 100 thousand people. In July Russian troops made an attempt to go on the offensive in the Lvov direction, however, in the end they were forced to retreat from the territory of Galicia and Bukovina, and in the north they surrendered Riga almost without a fight.
And finally, the battle near the village of Caporetto in October led to the catastrophe of the Italian army. 130,000 Italian soldiers were killed, 300,000 surrendered, and only English and French divisions urgently transferred from France in vehicles were able to stabilize the front and prevent Italy from leaving the war. And, finally, after the November coup in Petrograd, when the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries came to power, on the Eastern Front, first de facto, and then de jure, a truce was declared, not only with Russia and Ukraine, but also with Romania.
In such changes on the Eastern Front, a significant role was played by the funds that Germany allocated for subversive work in the rear. Russian army. “Military operations on the Eastern Front, prepared on a large scale and carried out with great success, were supported by significant subversive activities within Russia, which were conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Our main goal in this activity was to further strengthen the nationalist and separatist sentiments and secure the support of the revolutionary elements.
More on InfoSMI: Lenin birr, Lenin dyr, Lenin moidodyr
We are still continuing this activity and are finalizing an agreement with the political department of the General Staff in Berlin (Captain von Huelsen). Our joint work has yielded significant results. Without our continued support, the Bolshevik movement could never have achieved the scope and influence it now enjoys. Everything suggests that this movement will continue to grow in the future.” These are the words of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Germany, Richard von Kuhlmann, written by him on September 29, 1917, a month and a half before the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd.
Von Kuhlmann knew what he was writing about. After all, he was an active participant in all those events, a little later he conducted peace negotiations with Bolshevik Russia and the Ukrainian People's Republic in Berest in early 1918. A lot of money passed through his hands, tens of millions of marks; he had contacts with a number of the main characters of this historical drama.
“I have the honor to ask your Excellence to provide the amount of 15 million marks at the disposal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for political propaganda in Russia, referring this amount to paragraph 6, section II of the Emergency Budget. Depending on how events develop, I would like to discuss in advance the possibility of contacting Your Excellency again in the near future in order to provide additional funds, ”wrote von Kühlmann on November 9, 1917.
As you can see, as soon as a message was received about a coup in Petrograd, which would later be called the Great October Revolution, when Kaiser Germany allocates new funds for propaganda in Russia. These funds go, first of all, to support the Bolsheviks, who first disintegrated the army, and then took the Russian Republic out of the war, thus freeing millions German soldiers for operations in the West. However, they still retain the image of disinterested revolutionaries, romantic Marxists. Until now, not only full-time, so to speak, adherents of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, but also a certain number of non-party left-wing intelligentsia are convinced that Vladimir Lenin and his like-minded people were sincere internationalists and highly moral fighters for the people's cause.
In general, an interesting situation is developing: there are secret documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kaiser Germany published by Oxford University in 1958, where the telegrams of Richard von Kuhlmann were taken from and where you can find dozens of no less eloquent texts from the First World War, testifying to the huge financial and organizational assistance that German power was given to the Bolsheviks. Germany's goal was clear. Radical revolutionaries will undermine the combat potential of one of the main opponents of the central states, which included Germany, in the war - that is, the Russian Empire. Dozens of books have been published on the subject, containing other compelling evidence. But until now, not only communist historians, but also many researchers of the liberal trend deny historical self-evidence.
According to experts, Kaiser Germany spent no less than 382 million marks during the war on so-called peaceful propaganda. A colossal amount, like the money of that time.
And again, State Secretary of the Foreign Ministry Richard von Kuhlmann testifies.
“Only when the Bolsheviks began to receive from us a constant influx of funds through various channels and under various signs, they were able to put their main organ, Pravda, on their feet, conduct vigorous propaganda and significantly expand the narrow base of their party at the beginning.” (Berlin, December 3, 1917). And indeed: the number of party members a year after the overthrow of tsarism increased 100 times!
As for the position of Lenin himself, the head of the military intelligence of Germany during the First World War, Colonel Walter Nicolai, spoke of him in his memoirs: “... At that time, like anyone else, I did not know anything about Bolshevism, but I knew about Lenin it is only known that he lives in Switzerland as a political emigrant "Ulyanov", who provided my service with valuable information about the situation in tsarist Russia, against which he fought.
In other words, without constant help from the German side, the Bolsheviks would hardly have become one of the leading Russian parties in 1917. And this would mean a completely different course of events, probably much more anarchic, which would hardly lead to the establishment of any party dictatorship, and even more so - a totalitarian regime. Most likely, another version of the collapse of the Russian Empire would have been realized, because the consequence of the First World War was precisely the destruction of empires. And the independence of Finland and Poland was a matter decided de facto already in the year 1916.
It is unlikely that the Russian Empire or even Russian republic would become an exception to the very process of the collapse of empires that began after the First World War. It is worth remembering that Britain had to grant independence to Ireland, that India moved by leaps and bounds towards its independence precisely after the First World War, and so on. And do not forget that the collapse of the Russian Empire began with the beginning of the 1917 revolution. Actually, this revolution itself to some extent bore the imprint of the national liberation struggle, because the first against the autocracy at the beginning of 1917 in Petrograd was the Volynsky Regiment of the Life Guards.
The Bolsheviks were then a small and almost unknown party (four thousand members, mostly in exile and emigration) and had no influence on the overthrow of tsarism.
And after Lenin's government came to power, support continued. “Please use large sums, as we are extremely interested in the Bolsheviks holding out. Risler funds are at your disposal. If necessary, telegraph, how much more is needed. (Berlin, 18 May 1918). Von Kuhlmann, as always, calls a spade a spade, referring to German Embassy in Moscow. The Bolsheviks really resisted and in the fall of 1918 threw huge funds from the treasury of the Russian Empire they seized into revolutionary propaganda in Germany in order to ignite the world revolution.
The situation mirrored itself. In Germany, in early November 1918, a revolution broke out. Money, weapons and qualified cadres of professional revolutionaries brought from Moscow played their role in its incitement. But the local communists failed to lead this revolution. Subjective and, most importantly, objective factors worked against them. The totalitarian regime in Germany was established only after 15 years. But that is another topic.
Meanwhile, in the democratic Weimar Republic, the well-known Social Democrat Eduard Bernstein published in 1921 in the central organ of his party, the Vorverts newspaper, an article "Dark History", in which he said that as early as December 1917 he had received an affirmative answer from "one competent face” to the question whether Germany gave money to Lenin.
According to him, more than 50 million gold marks were paid to the Bolsheviks alone. Then this amount was officially named during a meeting of the Reichstag Committee on Foreign Policy. In response to accusations of "slander" by the communist press, Bernstein offered to sue him, after which the campaign immediately ended.
But Germany really needed friendly relations with Soviet Russia, therefore, the discussion of this topic in the press was not resumed.
One of the main political opponents of the Bolshevik leader, Alexander Kerensky, based on his investigation of the Kaiser millions for Lenin, concluded that the total amount of money received by the Bolsheviks before they seized power and immediately after that to strengthen power was 80 million marks in gold (by today's standards, we should talk about hundreds of millions, if not billions of hryvnias). Actually, Ulyanov-Lenin never hid this from the circle of his party colleagues: for example, in November 1918, at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (the Bolshevik quasi-parliament), the communist leader said: “I am often accused of having made our revolution with German money; I do not deny this, but on the other hand, with Russian money, I will make the same revolution in Germany.
And he tried, not sparing tens of millions of gold rubles. But it did not work out: the German Social Democrats, unlike the Russians, understood where they were going, and organized the murder of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in time, and then the disarmament of the Red Guard and the physical destruction of its leaders. There was no other way out in that situation; perhaps if Kerensky had plucked up the courage and ordered to shoot Smolny with all its "red" inhabitants from cannons, the Kaiser's millions would not have helped.
This could have ended if it were not for the information from The New York Times of April 1921 that 75 million Swiss francs were credited to Lenin's account in one of the Swiss banks in 1920 alone. According to the newspaper, Trotsky's accounts were 11 million dollars and 90 million francs, Zinoviev's accounts were 80 million francs, Dzerzhinsky's "knight of the revolution" 80 million, Ganetsky-Fürstenberg's were 60 million francs and 10 million dollars. Lenin, in a secret note dated 04/24/1921 to the Chekist leaders Unshlikht and Bokiy, strongly demanded to find the source of the information leak. Not found.
Interestingly, this money was also supposed to be spent on the world revolution? Or is it a kind of “rollback” from the politicians and financiers of those states where the “red horses” did not go by the will of Lenin and Trotsky, although they could go? One can only hypothesize here. Because until now a significant array of Lenin's documents has not been declassified.
… More than 90 years have passed since those events. But the revolutionary romantics of the whole world continue to assert that the Bolsheviks were highly moral and fiery revolutionaries, patriots of Russia and supporters of the freedom of Ukraine. And until now, in the center of Kyiv, there is a monument to Lenin, which says that in an alliance of Russian and Ukrainian workers, a free Ukraine is possible, and without such an alliance, there can be no talk of it. And until now, flowers are brought to this monument to a person who received money from the German special services for “revolutionary” holidays. And until now, unfortunately, a significant part of Ukrainian society is not able to realize the big difference between the leaders of the October Revolution and the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917, which consisted in the fact that the Ukrainian revolution was really not financed by anyone from outside.
“If the stars are lit, does it mean that someone needs it?” - wrote the poet Mayakovsky. On November 7, 1917, in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks lit the "stars", which burned out for more than 70 years. It remains to figure out who needs it.
Alexander Parvus
There are such amazing personalities who, with all their undoubted contribution to the historical process, remain in the end in the shadows. Having used up their potential, they remain forgotten, contemporaries turn away from them, and descendants do not even remember. Such was Alexander Parvus, who at one time was called the merchant of the revolution, and later branded as an enemy of the labor movement.
Parvus, with all his talents and incredible resourcefulness, managed to find himself on the shore when the ship of the Russian revolution set off on its seventy-year voyage. For a number of prominent Russian revolutionaries, Parvus became a kind of mentor on European socialism. In 1901-1902 he was the only German socialist with whom Lenin and Krupskaya met regularly; for this they even moved to the Munich district of Schwabing, where he lived. An even closer and longer personal relationship connected Parvus with Leon Trotsky, whom they met in 1904. Trotsky, together with his wife Natalya Sedova, even lived in the Schwabing apartment of Parvus.
Parvus not only sponsored the Bolsheviks, carrying out various operations in the market, not disdaining smuggling and simple “scam”, but was also the author of those ideas that the revolutionaries later appropriated. It was Parvus who came up with the idea of an armed seizure of power, when the soldiers of the empire had to deploy weapons to resolve internal issues in the country. Watched Parvus and beyond. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, he spoke of the transformation of capitalism into a universal system, of the diminishing role of nation-states, and that the interests of the bourgeoisie would go beyond these states. What we are seeing today.
German General Staff
The fact that the Russian Revolution was "sponsored" by the German General Staff is a well-known fact. Everyone knows about the legendary sealed wagon. The action unfolded as follows. Already familiar to us, Alexander Parvus, when he learned about the beginning of the First World War, immediately came up with a cunning plan, which was as follows: the German General Staff is financing the revolution in Russia and it, torn apart by an internal conflict, split into several parts, will no longer be able to participate in the Great war. Parvus arrives at the General Staff and reports the details: Germany should assist the Social Democrats, separatists in Ukraine and the Transcaucasus, as well as financially help the Finnish and Baltic nationalists. In addition, Parvus insists on extensive propaganda work.
The financing scheme was clearly worked out: the trading company, which personally belonged to Parvus and was based in Copenhagen, received money from the German government into its account. Parvus used these funds to buy goods that were scarce in Russia and transported them to the empire.
There, the “parcels” were received by the Bolshevik Simenson, whose competence was the sale of the goods received and the transfer of the money received for them to Lenin (the transfer of amounts was carried out through the Swedish “Nia Banken”, which belonged to Olaf Aschberg). 10 million marks were transferred from the German General Staff through the firm of Parvus. German money was also transferred to the Bolsheviks by a certain Mr. Moor, a German agent.
Entente
The revolution in Russia was also beneficial to the Entente countries. Russia's exit from the First World War ensured its non-participation in the post-war "sharing". In addition, England and France presented the war as a struggle for freedom against the power of autocracy. The presence of tsarist Russia in the democratic camp of the allies was a serious handicap in this ideological war. The London Times hailed the February Revolution as "a victory in the military movement" and an editorial commentary explained that "the army and the people united to overthrow the reactionary forces that were suffocating the popular aspirations and binding the national forces."
England closely followed the development of events in Russia, the main task was not to sell cheap and to determine in time those forces that needed to be supported if necessary. British Ambassador Buchanan was constantly sending reports on developments in the situation. As a result, the stake was placed on the Bolsheviks, as the only "minority" with a clear program of action. The former allies played a double game, for the time being not wanting to place all stakes on one horse, they supported both the Bolsheviks and the white movement, receiving their dividends in the form of the ruin and fragmentation of Russia. The revolution was beneficial to England also because it opened the way to profitable resources.
Oil oligarchs
One of the main factors supporting the revolution and the Bolsheviks was Baku oil; by November 1919, the British occupied Baku and the railroad to the port of Batumi. As one of the white figures recalled: “With the light hand of the British, the Georgians took a definitely hostile position towards the Russians in general and the Volunteer Army in particular. Russians in Tiflis were subjected to real persecution. Quote from Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich’s book “Everything is not so”: “Apparently the Allies are going to turn Russia into a British colony,” Trotsky wrote in one of his proclamations to the Red Army. And wasn't he right this time? Inspired by Sir Heinrich Deterding, the all-powerful chairman of Royal Dutch Shell, or simply following the old Disraeli-Beaconsfield program, the British Foreign Office revealed the audacious intention of dealing a death blow to Russia by distributing the most prosperous Russian regions to the allies and their vassals. The rulers of European destinies, apparently admiring their own ingenuity: they hoped to kill both the Bolsheviks and the possibility of reviving a strong Russia with one blow. position of chiefs white movement became impossible. On the one hand, pretending that they did not notice the intrigues of the allies, they called on their barefoot volunteers to the sacred struggle against the Soviets, on the other hand, none other than the internationalist Lenin, who spared no effort in his constant speeches, stood guard over Russian national interests. to protest against the division of the former Russian Empire, appealing to the working people of the whole world.
Wall Street
In terms of financial investments in the revolution, the German General Staff is not the first. The first place belongs to the Wall Street dealers. The history of financing the October Revolution is directly connected with Leon Trotsky, who before the revolution lived comfortably in New York, possessing all the benefits of civilization. At the disposal of the future revolutionary military commissar was a personal car with a driver, a vacuum cleaner and a refrigerator. But Lev Davidovich had to part with all this, his mission lay outside the cozy American apartment.
Trotsky set out to "do great things" with the generous financial backing of the American president. Woodrow Wilson provided $10,000 (over $200,000 in today's money). For Wall Street financiers, Trotsky was his man. His relatives who lived in the United States and countries Western Europe, were millionaires, members of the world's largest banks and strenuously established trade relations between the Bolsheviks and the West. On May 1, 1918 - on the holiday of the Red Revolutionaries - the American League was created to help and cooperate with Russia, under the guise of humanitarian support and good deeds, delegations of American businessmen arrived in Russia. The outflow of funds from Russia has reached alarming figures. The money was transferred to Swiss and American banks. The American International Corporation, managed by Warburg and the Morgans, actively contributed to the establishment of trade relations with the Bolsheviks. This is not surprising: financial structures received unprecedented dividends from the plunder of Russian resources. The locomotive of the revolution, launched with foreign money, could no longer be stopped, so it had to be controlled.
Revolutions of 1905 and 1917
"We know that no one seizes power with the intention of surrendering it.
Power is not a means, it is an end. Dictatorship is not established to
protect the revolution. A revolution is made to establish a dictatorship"
O'Brien, from George Orwell's 1984
In 1905, all the forces in Russia were directed to fight against the external enemy - Japan. At the meeting of the Masonic convention in 1904 in Malmaison, the "great Russian revolution" was predetermined and developed.
Among the workers "comradely unions" were organized. In Russia, networks of primitive fighting organizations were created in the form of workers' strike funds, led by an organization secret to them. The cash desks were led by their representatives, who gathered for gatherings. But the leaders were not elected by anyone, but were appointed "from above".
Mason Masset, deputy for Nievre, at the Masonic Convention of 1899, speaks of these unions: “There are, or rather, societies are being created in many cities, which can be very useful to us. nature, willingly turn to some of our brethren for lectures and interviews. We have to study those young people who enter these communities in order to develop in them the Masonic spirit and replenish our workshops with another element than they have been replenished until now. Now it is clear where the nickname "comrade" among the workers came from in Russia. Comrade is the lowest Masonic nickname, corresponding to the 2nd degree of Freemasonry according to the Scottish model. In 1905, social engines appeared in Russia, completely analogous to the force that led the "people's" revolution in France in 1789.
On May 1, 1905, the anniversary of the founding of the Illuminati, Lenin, financed by members of the Fabian Society and aware that American bankers had loaned money to Japan to attack eastern front Russia, began his revolution. Joseph Fels, a member of the Fabian Society and a wealthy American soapmaker, lent large sums of money to the Bolsheviks, as did other Fabians.
As it became known later, in 1900-1902, 10 thousand people were trained in the United States, mostly Jews, immigrants from Russia. Their task was, having received weapons and training, to return to Russia to induce terror and chaos. Most of the funds for this purpose were allocated by the Jewish millionaire and Zionist Jacob Schiff and other Jewish bankers in the United States. They also financed Japan's war with Russia and the 1905 revolution.
A little earlier, in 1897, the first organizational congress of the Zionists took place in Basel. A month later, in September 1897, the first organizational congress of the Jewish socialist Bund was held in Vilna, where the ideology of Zionism prevailed. And 6 months later, in March 1898, the first organizational congress of the RSDLP, which spun off from the Jewish Bund, took place in Minsk. At this congress, the unification of all socialist groups into one under the name "Russian Social Democratic Labor Party" was proclaimed.
In the summer of 1903, a congress of this party was held. Most of it was attended by Jews. In the same year, the Jew Koganovich (nicknamed Seidel) organized a gang of communists in Bialystok. In 1904, Judas Grossman formed a group in Odessa, recruiting workers who belonged to the Social Democrats. Then he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he began to publish the newspaper "Black Banner". The group of Khlebovoltsev was led by Chaim Londonsky.
On March 25, 1905, the "Union for the achievement of the full rights of the Jews" arose in Vilna. Then he was transferred to St. Petersburg, where the "Union of Unions" arose at the end of May. It was an entirely Jewish organization with a Russian sign.
In the Baltic region, the main leaders of the rebellion were also Jews. Back in September 1905, Jews organized a "federal council" in Riga. Of the 6 members there were 3 Jews. As soon as the troops appeared in the Baltic region, the Jews immediately fled, leaving the fooled people to deal with the troops themselves.
In Nizhny Novgorod, at the head of the revolutionary movement is a certain "Maria Petrovna", the pseudonym of the Jewess Genkina. In Kharkov, the main puppeteers of the revolt are the Jews Levinson, Tanhel, Talkhensan, Rachel Margolina. At the head of the "Ustyug revolution" (Vologda province) were the Jews Bezprozvanny and Lebedinsky. A group of "maximalist social revolutionaries" in St. Petersburg was run by a Jewish woman, Feiga Elkina.
On October 13, 1905, the Council of Workers' Deputies opens its operations. Its aim is to become an organ of power, since it is the germ of a revolutionary government. It was again led by the Jews Bronstein, Brever, Edilken, Goldberg, Feit, Maitsev, Bruler and others. In Moscow, the Jew Movsha Strunsky was at the head of an armed uprising.
But after the release of the tsar's manifesto on October 17, 1905, the Jews began to behave so arrogantly and defiantly that they provoked the local population into pogroms. From October 18 to October 24, beatings and murders of Jews and red-bellies and, in general, of everyone who was suspected of participating in the "liberation of the people" swept through Russia. On October 18, a Jewish porgom took place in Orel, which continued until midnight. On October 19, pogroms swept through Kursk, Simferopol, Rostov, Ryazan, Velikiye Luki, Velikiy Ustyug, Kaluga, Kazan, Novgorod, Smolensk, Tula, Tomsk, Ufa, and many other cities. You can read about many of these pogroms in VV Shulgin's book "What WE Don't Like About Them", pp. 244-268.
On October 18, 1905, Jews in Kyiv staged atrocities. Jewish demonstrators broke into Nicholas Square, tore off the inscriptions from the monument to Nicholas I. Then they threw a lasso over the monument and tried to knock it down. On another street, a group of Jews with red bows began to insult passing soldiers. Part of the crowd burst into the Duma hall and hung black and red flags with revolutionary inscriptions. Meanwhile, the Duma balcony turned into a podium. On it, screamers proclaimed a democratic republic. The Jews Schlichter and Ratner shouted the loudest. Having carved the king's head in the portrait, one Jew stuck his head out into the hole and shouted: "Now I am the sovereign!" Of course, such actions of the Jews were not in vain for them. A Jewish pogrom began in Kyiv.
In some cities, the Jews reached such impudence that would not occur to healthy people. In Yekaterinoslav, Jews openly collected donations for the "coffin of the autocracy." And for this, the Jews also got it. On October 21-23, 1905, in Yekaterinoslav, an active and healthy part of the local population rose up to smash the Jewish Jews.
In Sorochintsy on December 16-19, 1905, the Jewish Bundists tried to proclaim the Sorochintsy Republic. On December 26, 1905, the Jews Fichtenstein and Labinsky proclaimed the Lyubotinsky Republic (at the Lyubotin station of the Kharkov-Nikolaev railway). In Odessa, on October 17-18, 1905, the Jews intended to proclaim the Danube-Black Sea Republic with the capital Odessa and the Jew Parchment as president. It was decided beforehand from the Don and Kuban regions of the land from the population to be taken away and distributed to the Jews ("take away and divide!"). The Jewish organization sitting in Switzerland sent emissaries from its committees from Poland to Odessa.
Rabbi Gaster subsequently denied everything: both the sending of emissaries and the existence of the organization. And in general everything. He claimed that the tsarist troops and the police killed 4,000 Jews. Although, in fact, 299 people were buried in the Jewish cemetery. Moreover, most of them died of old age. This is how, through the efforts of all gasters, exaggerated myths "about the eternally persecuted" are created. And at the same time, "public opinion" about "unfortunate Jews" and about "bad anti-Semites" is being formed. Today it's all the same. Well, the Jewish methods do not differ in variety. It is important to have a long memory.
Here is a short episode from the "Russian" revolution of 1905. The Jews were her yeast. The German Jewess Rosa Luxembourg, leader of the German Spartacus League, took an active part in the 1905 revolution, which became the dress rehearsal for the October Revolution.
But Lenin and his gang of Jews did not initially succeed in their revolution, despite all the help of rich banking circles and members of the Fabian Society. The Tsar sent Lenin to Switzerland, Trotsky to the United States, and Joseph Stalin to Siberia. The king showed complete cowardice and did not bother to hang all these psychopathic schizos.
At least in part, the communists did succeed in weakening the monarchy. The tsar responded to the demands of the revolution and carried out a series of reforms. For example, he recognized the principle of a limited form of government, promulgated a series of basic laws, and established a national parliament (called the Duma) with popular participation in the legislative process. In other words, the monarchy was turning into a democratic republic. But the communists did not like this arrangement. They became even more active, fighting for the "happiness of the people."
A very strange action of the king was the placement of $400,000,000 in Chase Bank (Rockefeller group), National City Bank, Guaranty Bank (Morgan group), Hanover Trust Bank and Manufacturers Bank, and $80,000,000 in Rothschild Bank in Paris. Perhaps he realized that his government was in a quandary. And he hoped that after their failed attempt to get rid of him in 1905, he would be able to buy with his contributions the tolerance of these vested interests. In vain, fool, hoped.
Jacob Schiff, Georges Cannon, Morgan, First National Bank, National City Bank and other New York bankers give Japan 30 million dollars for the war with Russia. At the same time, in London, the Bolsheviks receive a large loan for the revolution.
Japan by 1904 was equipped with the most modern weapons. The press of the USA and England shed crocodile tears, lamenting the fate of a small, unprotected Japan and condemning "Russian bloodthirstiness." Even the Parisian newspaper "Press" was forced to remark: "Japan is not alone in waging war with Russia - she has a powerful ally - the Jews."
Sent by Nicholas II to negotiate with Japan on the conditions for concluding peace, Finance Minister S. Yu. Witte was not only the patron of Russian Freemasons, but also had many friends among them. There is no need to speak about his international friendly relations with the Berlin banker Mason Mendelssohn, the director of the international bank Rothstein and others. Witte hurried to conclude the Peace of Portsmouth, shameful for Russia. Japan was already on the verge of financial collapse, which would not allow her to continue the war. Moreover, it was Witte who persuaded Nicholas II to sign the famous Manifesto on October 17, 1905.
When in 1905, when Witte was concluding peace with Japan in Portsmouth, USA, a delegation of the Zionomasonic order "B'nai B'rith" headed by Jacob Schiff came to him and demanded equality for Russian Jews. Witte, himself married to a Jewess, said that this would be fraught with dangers for the Jews themselves, and great caution is needed here. An enraged Schiff declared that in this case a revolution would be made in Russia, which would give the Jews what they needed. It was "B'nai B'rith" that forced US President Taft in 1911 to terminate the trade agreement with Russia, which had been in force since 1832. The following year, 1912, the Order of B'nai B'rith presented President Taft with a medal "as the man who did the most in the past year for the good of the Jews." Yet in the next election in 1913, Taft was not re-elected. Worked and free.
The conclusion of peace with Japan was a signal to all Masonic forces. During the period from the 90s of the 19th century to 1917, about 90 new Masonic lodges were created in Russia. In the autumn of 1904, at the initiative of the Finnish revolutionary and freemason K. Zilliakus (who worked for Japanese intelligence), Japanese money was used to gather in Paris for a meeting of leaders of the revolutionary rabble and subversive elements from among the Masonic, socialist organizations and various extremists from the communities of Poles, Jews, Finns, Armenians, Georgians and others.
The state power of Russia, permeated from top to bottom with Masonic lodges, did nothing to oppose the Jews and Masons. Nicholas II turned out to be absolutely unsuitable for leading Russia and protecting his people in difficult conditions. In Russia at that time there were already more than 100 Masonic lodges, over 40 different Jewish and Zionist organizations and more than 10 different political parties and movements that were actively destroying the Russian statehood.
First World War was planned by Masonic circles in Europe and America at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was only an adjustment to this plan. Even before the shootings in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, started by the Jew Gavrilo Princip (for a long time it was believed that he was a Serb), Masonic magazines in England quite openly published maps of post-war Europe, where small, dependent from the Jewish-Masonic kahal, republic.
In Vienna, the well-known Zionist magazine Hammer openly wrote: "The fate of the Russian state is at stake ... there is no salvation for the Russian government. Such is the decision of the Jews, and so it will be." Already after the war, at the opening of the monument to the victims of 1914-1918, the Parisian Rothschild cynically dropped: "The world war is my war." Even the Zionist newspaper "Paiswische Wordle" of January 13, 1919, openly boasted, said: "International Jewry ... forced Europe to accept war in order to start a new Jewish era all over the world."
Russia started the war unprepared. Bearing heavy losses, saved France from defeat. But in 1916, the famous Brusilovsky breakthrough followed (by the way, the only breakthrough in the entire First World War), which destroyed almost the entire Austrian army on the Russian front (1.5 million killed and 500 thousand prisoners). Russian losses amounted to 700 thousand people. By the summer of 1916, Russia, drawn into the war unarmed two years ago, having suffered a number of heavy defeats in 1915, managed to organize the production of the necessary weapons and fielded 60 fully equipped corps. This is twice as many forces as those with which she started the war.
The liquidocracy did not sleep. Already on December 29, 1915, a Jewish millionaire from Odessa, Israel Gelfand (aka Alexander Parvus), a German intelligence agent, issued a receipt for the first million gold rubles to organize a revolution in Russia. The coup was also financed by Max Warburg's Jewish bank in Hamburg. And just two months later, in February 1916, in the USA, at a meeting of Jewish Zionist bankers Jacob Schiff, head of the Kuhn, Loeb and Co. bank in New York, his son-in-law and companion Felix Warburg (the brother of Hamburg Warburg), Otto Kahn, Mortimer Schiff (son of Jacob Schiff), Jerome Hanauer, Guggenheim and M. Breitung - tasks and expenses for organizing a coup in Russia were distributed.
In February 1916, a conference of exclusively Jewish agents was convened in the Jewish district of New York, at which it was planned to transport all agents to Russia in the course of American deliveries of weapons and equipment. On February 14, 1916, a secret meeting of 62 delegates was held in East New York. 50 of them are "veterans" of the 1905 revolution. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the way to carry out a great revolution in Russia.
The instigators of the First World War had two main goals.
First, put tsarist Russia under the control of the Masons. Second, create world government. The first goal was achieved, the second was not (limited to the creation of the League of Nations in 1919). Therefore, the Second World War had to be organized. World War I also brought fabulous money to the Jewish mafia. It was a very profitable business for enlightened bankers. For example, the Jew Bernard Baruch increased his fortune from 1 million to 200 million US dollars. No wonder he was called "superpresident" and accused of establishing an economic dictatorship. All states participating in the war fell into the strongest debt dependence on the Jewish financial oligarchy.
The same financial mafia was interested in involving the US government in the war. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan wrote about this: “As the Secretary (Bryan) expected, the general banking community was deeply interested in the World War because of the huge opportunities for making big profits. On August 3, 1914, before the actual clash of the armies, the French firm of Rothschild Frere cabled Morgan and Company in New York offering to place a loan of $100,000,000, a large part of which was to remain in the United States to pay for American goods bought by France. .
One such family that made exorbitant profits was the Rockefellers, who were eager to see the United States enter World War I. They made over $200,000,000 from this conflict" (Ralph Epperson, The Invisible Hand, ch. 23).
On March 2 (15), 1917, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in favor of his brother. But already on March 24 (the day of the Jewish holiday of Purim) in 1917, the Jews organized their "February Revolution". Power was seized by the Provisional Government, which was first headed by Prince Lvov, and after 4 months - by the Jew Kerensky (Aron Kirbis) - a Scottish Freemason of the 32nd degree.
Kerensky played the same game with the communists. After coming to power, Kerensky began by plundering the state treasury. Further, one of the first decrees of the Kerensky government was an amnesty for the exiled Bolsheviks, and later an amnesty for all criminals, starting with the participants in the failed 1905 revolution. This law freed more than 250,000 committed revolutionaries to bring chaos to the country. The new "Kerenskys" - Beria in 1953 and Yeltsin in 1991 - did the same thing - the release of criminals from prisons to introduce instability into society.
This is how the main revolutionaries returned to the revolution. Trotsky left New York on March 27, 1917 on the steamer Christiana, along with 275 of his supporters, bound for Canada. He and his supporters were detained by the Canadian government, who found $10,000 on him. This impressive amount of money found with Trotsky was simply inexplicable from the point of view of ordinary logic. Subsequently, he was released, thanks to pressure from influential US circles (Rothschild agents). Plus, the Provisional Government asked for the release of Trotsky. And released. He and his supporters sailed to Russia as they had intended.
Lenin, along with 32 other accomplished revolutionaries, also traveled back to Russia. These activists left Switzerland on an armored train under the protection of the German military and traveled through Germany. From the point of view of the layman, this is unusual, since Germany was at war with Russia. Their destination was Sweden, where Lenin received about 22,000,000 marks, which were kept for him in a Swedish bank. Stalin returned from Siberia, and now everything key figures were in place.
The director of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, William Thompson, made a personal contribution to the Bolsheviks in the amount of $1,000,000. The Morgan and Rockefeller groups also financed Lenin. Jacob Schiff gave Lenin $20,000,000. Lord Milner spent 21,000,000 gold rubles, that is, almost 10,000,000 dollars. It has not yet been precisely calculated how many tens of millions were laid out by Jewish bankers in Russia and their diaspora. Behind them, the banking circles of Germany began to pay. Until November 1918, they spent 40,480,000 marks in gold on preparing the revolution and maintaining the Bolsheviks. All this is the largest funding channel (about 90% of the total).
The second channel was funding by local Jewish bankers, "Russian" entrepreneurs and plague-ridden intelligentsia. For example, the manufacturer Savva Morozov not only financed the Bolsheviks, but also hid them in his mansion. Shortly before his death, he even insured his life for 100,000 rubles, and handed the insurance policy "to bearer" to the revolutionary M. F. Andreeva. She transferred these funds to the fund of the Bolshevik Party. And at this time, being in the south of France, in Cannes, Savva Morozov in May 1905 "mysteriously" shot himself. Maxim Gorky, who was close to freemasonry, donated large sums to the Bolsheviks. Others also donated, duped by propaganda about the need for revolutionary upheavals in Russia.
The tsar not only abdicated the throne personally, but also from the promise given by him in the Assumption Kremlin Cathedral during his coronation - to preserve the autocracy. The tsar himself transfers his power over Russia to some incomprehensible Provisional Government, in fact, an organ of Masonic power. Nicholas II could not have been unaware of this. Nicholas II personally legalizes the transfer of power into the hands of criminals. Let's not forget that Freemasonry, forbidden by law, was referred to in the circulars of the Police Department as a "criminal association." Nicholas II was well aware of the Masons in Russia. Not to mention the well-known figures of the State Duma, their ministers and associates, including the freemasonry of Kerensky, Guchkov, the chairman of Zemgor, Prince G. E. Lvov.
And so, when he abdicated on March 2, 1917, Nicholas II appointed Prince Lvov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers! Of the 11 people in the Provisional Government, 10 were Freemasons. The only exception was Foreign Minister P. N. Milyukov. Naturally, only "freemasons" were now appointed to all more or less significant military and government posts. One of the first acts of the Provisional Government was the granting of full citizenship rights to all Jews and the abolition of all restrictions in relation to them (March 21, 1917).
In general, with each revolution, the rights of the Jews increased. In England, the Jews received equality in 1825. Then they got it in Portugal. In Belgium - in 1830. In Canada - in 1832. In Germany, the revolutionary Frankfurt Parliament passed the emancipation law in 1848. It was extended in the same year to Kassau and Hanover, in 1861 to Württemberg, in 1862 to Baden, in 1868 to Saxony, and with the formation in 1870 German Empire- all over it. In Denmark, equality was given to the Jews in 1849. In Norway - in 1851. In Sweden and Switzerland - in - 1865. In Spain - in 1858. In Austria-Hungary - in 1867. In Italy - in 1870. In Bulgaria - in 1878. In Turkey - in 1908.
From the very first days after the revolution, dual power was established. On the one hand - the Provisional Masonic Government, on the other - an unofficial body of power, the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the leading core of which was headed by the Zionists.
On May 24, 1917, at the 7th All-Russian Congress of Zionists in Moscow, a plan was proclaimed to make Russia a Jewish colony of Israel. This was popularly explained by the leader of the Russian Zionists - Usyshkin. In order to lead Russia and other colonies, you need the state of Israel in the territory of Palestine. And already in September 1917, Lenin and his fellow conspirators undertook, after seizing power in Russia, to recognize the future state of Israel according to the Balfour Declaration (Ivor Benson, The Zionist Factor, p. 49).
To speak of any significant role played by the Bolsheviks in the accomplishment of the February Revolution is to laugh at history. As archival documents of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU testify, by the time of the victory of the February Revolution of 1917, in Moscow, for example, there were only 600 Bolsheviks. And that's it. However, reading the program on the history of the CPSU(b) of the post-Lenin period, it turned out that the Bolsheviks were in charge of everything.
The main leaders of the Bolsheviks did not take part in the February Revolution. Moreover, they did not even take part in the revolutionary movement in Russia. At this time, they lived abroad, ate and drank in three throats. Trotsky and Bukharin were in New York in February 1917.
Stalin (Dzhugashvili), who at that time was waiting in Achinsk to be sent to the front (he was mobilized from prison in exile in December 1916), arrived in the capital on March 12. Yankel Sverdlov and Shaya Goloshchekin arrived from Yekaterinburg in Petrograd on March 29. Lenin-Ulyanov (Blank), Zinoviev (Radomyslsky), Radek and others were at that time in Switzerland, suspecting nothing at all. How they hated Russia and rushed to power, but missed such an important moment for themselves. At this time in Petrograd, the main posts and posts were already divided by those forces that were preparing their revolution. They were late to the section of the pie. Reconcile? No matter how. February did not work out, so October will turn out. Everyone hastily rushed to Russia, to Petrograd - to the concentration of its power. It smelled of fried, and all sorts of adventurers, sadists, terrorists, swindlers and swindlers of all shades immediately reached out to Russia. Petrograd, like a magnet, attracted the concentrated dregs of society.
Who arrived in this sealed carriage through Germany? Here is a list of names of all 32 passengers of this car. It was packed full of Jews.
1. Abramovich Maya Zelikovna
2. Eisenbund Meer Kivovich
3. Armand Inessa Moiseevna
4. Goberman Mikhail Vulfovich
5. Grebelskaya Fanya
6. Kon Elena Feliksovna
7. Konstantinovich Anna Evgenievna
8. Krupskaya (Friedberg) Nadezhda Konstantinovna
9. Lenin (Blank) Vladimir Ilyich
10. Linde Jogan - Arnold Joganovich
11. Meringof Ilya Davidovich
12. Meringof Maria Efimovna
13. Mortochkina Valentina Sergeevna (wife of Safarov)
14. Payneson Semyon Gershevich
15. Pogosskaya Bunya Khemovna (with son Reuben)
16. Ravich Sarra Nakhumovna
17. Radek (Sobelson) Karl Berngardovich
18. Radomyslskaya Zlata Evovna
19. Radomyslsky Hershel Aronovich (Zinoviev)
20. Radomyslsky Stefan Ovseevich
21. Rivkin Salman - Berk Oserovich
22. Rosenblum David Mordukhovich
23. Safarov (Voldin) Georgy Ivanovich
24. Skovno Abram Avchilovich
25. Slyusareva Nadezhda Mikhailovna
26. Sokolnikov (Diamond) Grigory Yankelevich
27. Sulishvili David Sokratovich
28. Usievich Grigory Alexandrovich
29. Kharitonov Moses Motkovich
30. Tskhakaya Mikhail Grigorievich
31. Rubakov (Anders)
32. Egorov (Erich)
One of the main reasons for the defeats of the Russian Empire in the First World War was the degradation of the "elite" of the empire. You can find a lot of information about this, but less often they mention another important reason - the behavior of our "allies" in the Entente in this war. The textbooks indicate that they were allies and Russia supported them several times, preventing Germany from inflicting serious defeats on them. It is not said about how the Russian Empire was constantly "thrown" and carried out subversive work against it.
The Russian imperial army, with all its shortcomings, with the theft and corruption of officials, especially the highest, was the most powerful army on the planet, much better than the French or English. Remembering the defeats, our authors constantly forget to mention that the campaign of 1914 as a whole was victorious for us: we thwarted the Schlieffen plan, preventing the destruction of France, if this happened, we would be left alone with the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. It is doubtful that England would have begun to land its divisions in Russia. We defeated the Austro-Hungarian Empire, taking Galician Russia from it, if Austria-Hungary fought against us alone, it would be a defeat, it would have to capitulate. Our army won two battles in Poland, defeated the Turkish army near Sarakamysh.
The first blow was dealt to us by London, the governments of the countries did not expect that the war would cause such an expenditure of ammunition and the need for such a huge amount. Petrograd placed in England, at the Armstrong and Vickers factories, an order for 5 million shells, 1 million rifles, 1 billion rounds of ammunition, 8 million grenades, 27,000 machine guns, and so on. This, together with what was produced by Russian industry, should have been enough for the summer campaign of 1915. The British accepted the order, deliveries were supposed to begin in March 1915, but they did not fulfill it and did not even warn (!).
The result of the deception of the “ally” and the carelessness of the elite of the Russian Empire, which, instead of industrializing the empire and preparing for the Great War, was engaged in entertainment, was the “shell and rifle famine” of 1915, the “great retreat”, the loss of Poland, part of the Baltic states, Belarus , Ukraine.
But the Russian Empire once again showed a huge margin of survivability - a powerful industrial breakthrough was made, the production of shells was increased 20 times, rifles 11 times, guns 10 times. In their production, Russia overtook England and France. In 1916, the problem with weapons and ammunition was solved, the Russian army again beats Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. By the beginning of 1917, conditions were created for an attack on Germany. The Russian people should have known that the empire did not suffer a military defeat, the defeat was political.
Not only the agents of our direct opponents - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, acted against the empire, which trained and supported nationalists (Georgian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Jewish, and so on), financed the actions of the Social Democrats and the Socialist Revolutionary Party.
Paris and London supported the Russian liberal-democratic parties, movements that in the midst of the war launched a struggle for "democracy", and the emperor, instead of eliminating the "fifth column", hesitated. Many of them were in the Masonic lodges and were the periphery of the "world behind the scenes." Although a significant part sincerely believed that "democracy" would make Russia even stronger, not realizing that by their actions they were bringing a lot of disasters to the peoples of the empire.
Their subversive actions were facilitated by the fact that the Russian Empire, the only one of all the warring powers, preserved the laws of peacetime in the rear. Newspapers printed what they were paid, State Duma officials said whatever they wanted, workers had the right to strike. Russian counterintelligence knew the threads, banks, firms through which the funding goes, but according to the laws of peacetime, they could not do anything. The emperor was weak-willed: he did not want to quarrel with the public and disperse the Duma, quarrel with the "allies" who supported the liberals, constantly made concessions, changing ministers to please the "public".
In the European powers, for the slightest suspicion of treason, death or a long term in the most strict institutions awaited. In Russia, the Duma faction of the RSDLP (b), which openly proclaimed the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil one and wanted the defeat of their Fatherland, was only exiled to Siberia (the conditions of exile in the empire were very mild, which was used by the “r-revolutionaries”, more than once escaping ). After a riot on the battleship Gangut, a powerful underground organization was opened on the Baltic, but only two people were sentenced to death and then replaced with hard labor, others received different dates and even exile (from the war they were exiled to the peaceful rear, to the full provision of the state - is this a punishment?!). Most of those arrested, led by Dybenko, were not tried at all, they created a sailor battalion and sent to the front, but the sailors refused to fight (!), Disobeyed orders, and began to corrupt their neighbors. Were they shot?! No, the battalion was disbanded, the sailors were returned (!) to the ships. In 1916, Dybenko was again caught on revolutionary agitation - he received 2 months in prison and then was left in the navy. This is called - I don’t know another such country ... In Europe, they would hang everyone for this, they would melt everyone.
General M. V. Alekseev developed in the summer of 1916 a project for a “dictatorship of the rear”, but the Duma leaders, headed by M. V. Rodzianko, forced the tsar to abandon this idea. Alekseev was able to create a special investigative commission to combat sabotage and economic sabotage under the command of General N. S. Batyushin. Counterintelligence dug up a huge amount of material, arrested the banker Rubinstein, the financiers Zhivotovsky, the industrialists Shapiro, Rauchenberg and others, searched the Nobel firm, Vneshtorgbank, the International Bank, found circulars of the German General Staff and other interesting materials for which traitors and enemy agents could be shot. But the “public” raised a wave against the Batyushin commission, industrialists and bankers turned to the tsar, in the West they called it “ Jewish pogrom”, and the emperor capitulated, ordered the case to be closed.
Batyushin N. S.
American financiers, for example: P. Warburg, J. Schiff, Morgan, and others, made large financial injections into subversive activities on the territory of the Russian Empire. Together with other financiers from Europe, for example, the Austrian Rothschilds, they carried out subversive activities against the monarchies of Europe, but the first , according to their plans, the Russian Empire was to fall. The US intelligence services were involved, through Colonel House, the British intelligence services, for example, House's associate was the resident of British intelligence in the US, William Weissman. Through him, House's geopolitics was coordinated with the British elite.
It was in the United States that they began to create their own grouping of Russian "r-revolutionaries", independent of the Swiss group. So, Kollontai, an ally of Parvus - Larin-Lurie, Bukharin, Trotsky and others ended up in the USA.
Thus, powerful forces acted against the Russian Empire, very heterogeneous, some were even opponents of each other. But the goal was the same - to topple the empire, destroy it, dismember it.
Thus, the February Revolution came as a surprise to Berlin, to the Bolsheviks. Although they did their best to "rock the boat," it was not their revolution. It was arranged by diplomats (for example, ambassadors Buchanan, Paleolog), the secret services of England, France, the United States, the "financial international".
The conspirators were not the queen, not Rasputin, not the “military lodge” headed by Alekseev, gossip about them spread in order to completely undermine the authority of the monarchy. Among the “werewolves” who betrayed the empire was P. Bark, the Minister of Finance, who entered into strange agreements with the “allies” on loans. When loans were “secured” by sending gold to London, during the war, gold worth 640 million rubles was sent there. Apparently, in recognition of his services to London, he received an English order in 1929, then was knighted by the King of England, and in 1935 he also received the title of baronet of the British Empire.
P. L. Bark
Under his patronage, on January 2, 1917, for the first time in the empire, the Petrograd branch of the American National City Bank was opened, its first client was one of the "werewolves" M. I. Tereshchenko (Minister of Finance of the first composition of the Provisional Government). He received a loan of 100 thousand dollars, without negotiations, without specifying the purpose of the loan, collateral, repayment terms.
M. I. Tereshchenko
Another “werewolf” is the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs A. D. Protopopov, he did not inform the emperor about the reports of the police - about the conspiracy, delayed information about the unrest in the capital for several days, initiated the dissolution of the government at a critical moment, causing anarchy in the capital. Another "werewolf", Comrade Minister (in modern terms - Deputy) of Railways Lomonosov, sent the emperor's train to Pskov, instead of Tsarskoye Selo.
A. D. Protopopov
At the beginning of 1917, Sidney Reilly visited Russia on "business", then Lord Milner himself (the head of the "Grand Lodge of England", a banker and the Minister of War of England). The France Hotel, where the British delegation stayed, became a real "headquarters" of the impending revolution.
The proof that the West was the main organizer of the February Revolution is also the fact of the ultra-rapid recognition of the new Russian government. Washington already on March 22 recognized the Provisional Government as legal. On the 24th the new government was recognized in London, Paris and Rome.
Therefore, the myth that the revolution in Russia was made by the Bolsheviks, financed by Berlin, must be forgotten. Germany and the Bolsheviks were insignificant detachments, "tools" in the hands of more skillful Players. They played almost no role in the February Revolution; for them, this revolution came as a complete surprise. Only later did they become a "cover" for the true perpetrators of the Revolution in Russia.
Sydney Reilly aka Solomon (Shlomo) Rosenblum
Sources:
Batyushin N.S. Secret military intelligence and the fight against it. M., 2002.
Orlov V.G. Double agent: notes of a Russian counterintelligence officer. M., 1998.
Rodzianko M. V. The State Duma and the February Revolution. M., 1991.
Sidorov D. I. The economic situation of Russia in the First World War. M., 1973.
Utkin A.I. The First World War. M., 2001.
Shambarov V.E. For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland! M., 2003.
