The length of the Ural Mountains from south to north is 2 thousand kilometers, and from west to east from 50 to 150 kilometers. In ancient times, the mountains of the Urals were called Riphean, and until the 18th century they were called “belt” (translated from Turkic, “Ural” means belt). Since ancient times, the Urals has been considered a natural border separating two parts of the world - and. The Ural Mountains are relatively low: only a few peaks reach a height of 1.5 thousand meters above sea level, and the highest of them (Mount Narodnaya) is 1895 meters.
That's when we go on incredible trains, hydrofoils going up the Ob, helicopters, old cuckoos and even crawlers, only to move to some steppes. Alcohol warms hearts and bodies, and Astrid Wendlandt cannot envy Sylvain Tesson on this basis. Meetings are often easy because "the Russian lives in the moment" and avoids complicating life with unnecessary questions. His journey is also an opportunity to observe the evolution of Russia, still marked by the stigmata of communist decades, a country where the concept of good and evil has greatly shaken, according to the author, the occultism of religions.
The area occupied by the Urals is close to 400,000 km2, and if we count all the foothills, then to 1,100,000 km2. The main ridge is lower than the parallel ridges accompanying it. The western slope of its canopy, and the eastern steep. On the west side are most of the parallel ranges, with higher peaks to the south than the main range. In many places, the Ural does not give the impression of a significant mountain range due to its gradual rise, especially if it is approached from the west. All along there is not a single peak with permanent snow, even in the far north. In relation to the Urals, it can be divided into several parts: Polar, Subpolar, Northern, Middle and Southern.
An explanation like any other. In search of ancestral tribes living in the Ural Mountains, she meets a community that intends to build a different future by returning to earth, running away from wild capitalism, consumerism, former engineers, professors, all townspeople, adherents of Anastasia's ambassadors, a shaman who protects the preservation of communication with nature, thus live in general autarky.
Emotions are also present in this most sincere narrative, full of nostalgia for what was and will not be. There, firstly, when in the desert steppes Astrid learns that his surname implies distant ancestors in these mountains, perhaps part of the explanation for his strong attraction to this region. end, of course, which sheds light on the genesis of this book.
Slope Peoples. One of the highest points of the Ural Mountains
Polar Ural
The northernmost part of the Urals consists of stony placers (rocks and remnants). vegetable and animal world are scarce enough. Even mosses and lichens do not create a continuous cover. The most significant peaks are the mountains: Payer (1472 meters) and Konstantinov Kamen (492 meters).
"Ural in the Heart" - Astrid Wendlandt - Albin Michel - 216 pages. The Ural Mountain is a natural border between Europe and Asia. Narodnaya's highest peak is 895 meters high, and besides pristine forests, this end of the world boasts incredible natural beauty.
Muradimovskoe gorge: caves in Bashkiria. Secrets of the picture of the Urals 2 - Muradimovskoe. This national park is located in the Republic of Bashkir, and there are 46 completely different caves in the valley of Lake Baldzhi-Eko. Where the river cuts through the limestone, the walls are almost at right angles to the ground, which in some places reaches a height of 100 meters.
Subpolar Urals
This part of the Urals is characterized by the highest heights of the ridges. Here, traces of glaciation are visible quite clearly. Even the names of the mountains speak eloquently of their pointed peaks (Blade Peak, Saber Mountain). The highest point of the Ural Mountains (Mount Narodnaya) is also located here. Stone peaks and the mountain in the lower part of the slope are replaced here. The southern border of this part of the Urals is located at 64° north latitude.
The most famous and favorite place for tourists is the Pigeon Cave, where cave doves and blind mice live, as well as human and animal fossils found in the Mesozoic. Island of Hope and ancient megalithic blocks. Secrets of the Urals Figure 3 - megalithic blocks.
The mysterious island of Nada is located in the western part of one of the cleanest and most beautiful lakes in the Ural region, Lake Turgoyak. It is one of the most biologically diverse areas visited by scientists, artists, poets and other creators. Inspiration is found in megalithic stone blocks, over a thousand years old. The biggest attraction is the Pustinyak Cave and the mysterious megalithic complex, discovered by scientists only a year ago, probably built over a thousand years ago.
The mountains here take on the character of a real range, quite high, rocky and completely treeless. Then the ridge takes a southwestern direction. Further to the southwest, the ridge narrows, and the slopes cover it. To the south is a mountain junction with one of the highest points of the entire Urals - Mount Telposiz (1617 meters). Further south, the heights of individual peaks drop to 1000 meters, and then even lower. In general, the average height of the Northern Urals is about 900 meters. Numerous rivers originate on its slopes, forming tributaries of the Pechora and Kama in the west, and the Ob in the east.
Secrets of the painting Ural 4 - Lake Aushkul. One of the most beautiful lakes in the south of the Urals is a Mecca for paragliders. In addition, this lake connects with many legends and myths in folk tales. Over the centuries, this area has become widely known for vases made from jasper minerals.
The bottom of the lake is covered with this easily collected mineral. Here you can swim, fish or crab. A little further west of the lake is Mount Aushtau with several famous graves, including one of an Arab sheikh. All who are buried on this mountain are famous preachers of Islam, so this mountain is famous even in Mecca in Saudi Arabia.
Ural mountains
Middle Ural
The Middle Urals starts from Mount Yurma, located at the source of the Ufa River. It, too, for the most part consists of two parallel ranges, the western one being lower, but forming a dividing line between Europe and Asia, and the eastern one being higher. Its most elevated peaks are as follows: Denezhkin stone (1492 meters), Konzhakovsky stone (1569 meters). Further south, the heights decrease, and the width of the ridge also becomes smaller. In the Ural region, in its northern part, it is low (nowhere does it exceed 700 meters), while its slopes here are very gentle. Further south, the ridge gradually rises (up to 850 meters). Numerous spurs (branches of the ridge) separate from the west, reaching as far as the Kama and the Volga River, while the eastern spurs quickly drop and merge with the West Siberian lowland.
Secrets of the Urals photo 5 - Visimsky reserve. This reserve is a school example of what a reserve should look like and what it should contain. Nature has come up with here on its own. The reserve is located on the western slopes central river Ural near the Chusovaya river.
But when you see yourself a little better, you will see that there is some strange heat and smoke coming up. Despite the fact that it does not have a volcanic character and is located outside all seismological regions, steep and smoke columns in this mountain range from temperatures from 37 to 150 degrees Celsius.
Southern Urals
The southern part of the Urals consists of the main, but lower ridge and the parallel ridges accompanying it. The western slope of its canopy, and the eastern steep and precipitous. To the west of the main ridge there is a series of meridional ridges with a general direction from northeast to southwest. The highest point is Mount Yamantau (1640 meters). In general, the farther from the central part of the Ural ridge to the west, the lower the heights and the transition to the slightly undulating terrain of the Urals takes place very gradually. On the contrary, on the eastern side of the Urals, already at a short distance from it, the terrain almost completely loses its mountainous character and presents a completely flat surface. The rivers of this part of the Urals are different in nature, depending on which slope they originate from.
This mountain has a 90-meter window with a temperature of 380 degrees. No one knows how long the mountain burns. According to legend, there was a pine tree on the top of the mountain that was once struck by thunder. Since that night, pillars of steam and smoke have been erupting on the mountain every day, which, according to their popular beliefs, are healed.
Another in a series of interesting emails when it comes to the game "Interesting Geography". In the next issue, read the solutions we were able to find and read the descriptions to help us remember and learn more about this solution. In the end, win in this interesting game!
The Ural Mountains are located between various tectonic structures (the Russian Platform and the West Siberian Plate), which explains their formation. From the Russian Urals separates the Cis-Ural foredeep, consisting of sedimentary and continental climates of Western Siberia. reach the western slope of the Urals, trying to overcome it, rise higher and cool. As a result, in the western part of the Urals, large quantity precipitation than in the eastern (about 1.5-2 times). The temperature regime also has its own characteristics. In the western part of the Urals, winters are more snowy and, accordingly, milder. In the east, snow falls less, and frosts reach 45-50°C.
One of the countries whose name begins with this letter is Ukraine. It is located in Eastern Europe and the neighboring countries are: Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova. There is access to two seas - Black and Azov. Ukrainian language spoken in Ukraine, and besides, it is also a very important Russian language. The largest cities in Ukraine are Kyiv, which is the capital, then Kharkov, and then Odessa.
Less known, but very beautiful and important city is Udine. This city is located in Italy, more precisely in its northern part. It is a very important city in this part of Italy. The center is the Friuli region, historically important, in which the Friuli language is spoken. In this city you can see some of the most beautiful churches and palaces. The most famous is the old town, with a much visited cathedral.
Pretty in the Urals a large number of rivers, the largest of which flow from east to west. There are also about 6 thousand in this area.
The Ural Mountains are a ridge on the border of Europe and Asia, as well as a natural border within, to the east of which is Siberia and Far East, and to the west - the European part of the country.
The name Ural is divided into one mountain and one river, so we decided to describe them both in more detail. Ural Mountain is located in Western Russia and stretches from north to south. The Ural Mountain passes through three climatic zones. In addition, it is divided into five sections: polar, subpolar, northern, central and southern Urals. Many famous cities are located in this region, some of which are: Pechora, Perm, Serov and Orsk. The Ural Mountains and the Ural River make up the natural border of two continents - Europe and Asia.
The Ural River, as we have already mentioned, flows through Russia as well as Kazakhstan. Its source is in the Southern Urals and its stream leads to the Caspian Lake into which it flows. The most important tributaries are the Sakmar and Utva, and the cities located on the banks of the Eka are Uralsk, Magnitogorsk, Orsk and Orenburg.
BELT MOUNTAINS
In the old days, for travelers approaching the Urals from the east or west, these mountains really seemed like a belt that tightly intercepted the plain, dividing it into the Cis-Urals and the Trans-Urals.
The Ural Mountains are a mountain range on the border of Europe and Asia, stretching from north to south. In geography, it is customary to divide these mountains according to the nature of the relief, natural conditions and other features into Pai-Khoi, the Polar Urals, and the Subpolar.
The animal we chose for more detailed description, - Uleshura. Its length is about 18 meters and weighs up to 50 tons. This animal has the largest teeth of all living things on the planet. Interestingly, the teeth only have a lower jaw, so the question is how to eat. Their head is large, rectangular in shape, and the rest of the body is tapered.
They have a great depth of about 300 meters and they can stay in the water for over an hour. Very healthy plant - Urma. The tree of this plant can reach over 20 meters and is covered with dry leaves. In the upper part are branched leaves up to 6 meters long. In fact, this plant is similar to palm trees. The festival is a fruit called urma. It is blue in the middle of the skin, covered with a thin layer of skin that is removed, and a fleshy part that is very healthy.
Northern, Middle, Southern Urals and Mugod-zhary. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Ural Mountains and the Urals: in more broad sense the territory of the Urals includes the regions adjacent to the mountain system - the Urals, Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals.
The relief of the Ural Mountains is the main watershed range and several side ranges separated by wide depressions. In the Far North - glaciers and snowfields, in the middle part - mountains with smoothed peaks.
Quadruple or quadruple spelling - how it's written. Information or spelling on the computer - how to write. Injection or injection - as it is written. Cookie or biscuit spelling - as written. The death of the expedition was never clarified, and Soviet investigators concluded that the cause of death was an elemental force that the members of the expedition were unable to overcome. There are no indicative events, there are many speculations and conspiracy theories. And this is the Dyatlov expedition.
The expedition consisted of ten members, their leader was Igor Shatlov. Nine members of the expedition studied at the Ural Polytechnic Institute. The purpose of the expedition was to reach the top of Mount Otorten in the Sverdlovsk region of the Urals, about 10 km from the place of accidents.
The Ural Mountains are old, they are about 300 million years old, they are noticeably eroded. highest peak- Mount Narodnaya - about two kilometers high.
The watershed of large rivers runs along the mountain range: the Ural rivers belong mainly to the basin of the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural). The Pechora, Tobol, and others belong to the system of one of the largest rivers in Siberia, the Ob. There are many lakes on the eastern slope of the Urals.
Subsequently, they moved to the village of Vizhay, the nearest settlement of Mount Otorten. From here they moved to a deserted geological settlement where one of the members was dismantled and the chronic rheumatism worsened. The expedition continued with nine people.
January has reached the edge of the mountain zone. There they began to prepare for mountain climbing. In a wooded valley, they left some food and other equipment to serve for the return. In February, the group began to cross the pass to Mount Otorten. They probably planned to get to the other side of the pass, but due to bad weather, snowstorms and low visibility, they deviated from the planned route and started climbing Kholat Syachil. Realizing their mistake, they decided to camp on the snowy slope of the mountain, although there was a forest one and a half kilometers from the camp, where they could hide from bad weather.
The landscapes of the Ural Mountains are predominantly forested, there is a noticeable difference in the nature of vegetation on different sides of the mountains: on the western slope - mainly dark coniferous, spruce-fir forests (in the Southern Urals - mixed and broad-leaved forests in places), on the eastern slope - light coniferous pine-larch forests. In the south - forest-steppe and steppe (mostly plowed).
Devil previously agreed with the sports club that he would send a telegraph message as soon as the group returned to Vizhay village. It is expected that this will happen no later than February, but it was assumed that the expedition could be extended. Therefore, no one initially responded to their delay. The rescue operation began at the time when the relatives of the expedition members arrived. The first search party followed the progress of Datlov's trip in February. Later, the army and police also joined forces with planes and helicopters.
In February, a rescue team discovered the ruined camp. One of the groups found the tent and said it was empty, dilapidated and covered in snow. Shoes, clothes, money, food and other personal items were found at the site. About eight or nine people walked through the camp to the edge of the forest. After about 500 meters the tracks were covered with snow. At the edge of the forest, under a large cedar tree, a fireplace and the first two bodies appeared. The branches of the tree have been broken to a height of five meters, which means that they climb it. It was a response to finding human skin on his bark and scars on his bodies.
The Ural Mountains have long been of interest to geographers, including from the point of view of their unique location. In the era ancient rome these mountains seemed to scientists so distant that they were seriously called Riphean, or Ripean: literally translated from Latin - “coastal”, and in an expanded sense - “mountains at the edge of the earth”. They received the name Hyperborean (from the Greek "extreme northern") on behalf of the mythical country of Hyperborea, it was used for a thousand years, until in 1459 the Fra Mauro world map appeared, on which the "edge of the world" was shifted beyond the Urals.
Between the cedar and the campground, three other human bodies were discovered over the next few days. It looks like they were trying to get back into the tent. The search for the remaining members of the expedition took more than two months. In May, the remains of shredded clothes were discovered for the first time, and next to them were 4 remaining bodies that were previously hidden under a layer of snow.
According to Dr. Boris Vozrozhdenny, these bodies were subjected to extreme force, which he likened to a car accident. On the outside, the body showed no signs of injury, so it became possible that she was subjected to intense pressure. The woman was also found to have a tongue in her mouth.
It is believed that the mountains were discovered by the Novgorodians in 1096, during one of the campaigns to Pechora and Ugra by a squad of Novgorod ushkuins engaged in fur trade, trade and collection of yasak. At that time, the mountains did not receive any name. At the beginning of the XV century. Russian settlements appear on the upper Kama - Anfalovsky town and Sol-Kama.
First famous name these mountains are contained in documents of the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, where they are called Stone: so in Ancient Russia called any large rock or cliff. On the "Big Drawing" - the first map of the Russian state, compiled in the second half of the 16th century. - Ural is designated as Big Stone. In the XVI-XVIII centuries. the name Belt appears, reflecting geographical position mountains between two plains. There are such variants of names as Big Stone, Big Belt, Stone Belt, Big Belt Stone.
The name "Ural" was originally used only for the territory of the Southern Urals and was taken from the Bashkir language, which meant "height" or "hill". By the middle of the XVIII century. the name "Ural Mountains" is already applied to the entire mountain system.
ALL MENDELEEV'S TABLE
Such a figurative expression is resorted to whenever it is required to give a short and colorful description of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains.
The antiquity of the Ural Mountains created unique conditions for the development of minerals: as a result of prolonged destruction by erosion, the deposits literally came to the surface. The combination of energy sources and raw materials predetermined the development of the Urals as a mining region.
Iron, copper, chromium and nickel ores, potash salts, asbestos, coal, precious and semi-precious stones - Ural gems - have been mined here since ancient times. Since the middle of the XX century. oil and gas fields are being developed.
Russia has long been developing the lands adjacent to the Ural Mountains, occupying the Komi-Permyak towns, annexing the Udmurt and Bashkir territories: in the middle of the 16th century. after the defeat of the Kazan Khanate, most of Bashkiria and the Kama part of Udmurtia voluntarily became part of Russia. A special role in securing Russia in the Urals was played by the Ural Cossacks, who received the highest permission to engage in free arable farming here. The merchants Stroganovs laid the foundation for the purposeful development of the wealth of the Ural Mountains, having received from Tsar Ivan IV a charter on the Ural lands "and what lies in them."
At the beginning of the XVIII century. large-scale factory construction began in the Urals, caused by the needs of both the country's economic development and the needs of the military departments. Under Peter I, copper-smelting and iron foundries were built here, and subsequently large industrial centers were formed around them: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Nizhny Tagil, Zlatoust. Gradually, the Ural Mountains found themselves in the center of the largest mining region in Russia, along with Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In the era of the USSR, the Urals became one of the industrial centers of the country, the most famous enterprises are the Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (ChTZ), the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Magnitogorsk). During the years of the Great Patriotic War industrial production was exported to the Urals from the territories of the USSR occupied by the Germans.
In recent decades, the industrial importance of the Ural Mountains has declined markedly: many deposits are almost exhausted, the level of pollution environment pretty big.
The bulk of the local population lives on the territory of the Ural economic region and in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the more northern regions, belonging to the Northwestern and Western Siberian economic regions, the population is extremely rare.
During the industrial development of the Ural Mountains, as well as the plowing of the surrounding lands, hunting and deforestation, the habitats of many animals were destroyed, and many species of animals and birds disappeared, among them - a wild horse, saiga, bustard, little bustard. Herds of deer, which used to graze throughout the Urals, now migrated deep into the tundra. However, the measures taken to protect and reproduce the fauna of the Urals managed to preserve in the reserves brown bear, wolf, wolverine, fox, sable, ermine, lynx. Where it has not yet been possible to restore populations of local species, acclimatization of imported individuals is being successfully carried out: for example, in the Ilmensky Reserve - sika deer, beaver, deer, raccoon dog, American mink.
SIGHTS OF THE URAL MOUNTAINS
Natural:
■ Pechoro-Ilychsky, Visimsky, Basegi, South Ural, Shulgan-Tash, Orenburg steppe, Bashkirsky reserves, Ilmensky mineralogical reserve.
■ Divya, Arakaevskaya, Sugomakskaya, Kungurskaya ice and Kapova caves.
■ Rocky outcrops of the Seven Brothers.
■ Chertovo Settlement and Stone Tents.
■ Bashkir National Park, Yugyd Va National Park (Komi Republic).
■ Hoffmann Glacier (Saber Ridge).
■ Azov Mountain.
■ Alikaev Stone.
■ Deer Brooks Nature Park.
■ Blue Mountains pass.
■ Revun rapids (Iset river).
■ Zhigalan waterfalls (River Zhigalan).
■ Aleksandrovskaya Sopka.
■ Taganay National Park.
■ Ustinovskiy Canyon.
■ Gumerovskoye gorge.
■ Red Key spring.
■ Sterlitamak shikhans.
■ Krasnaya Krucha.
■ The Sterlitamak shikhans in Bashkiria are ancient coral reefs that formed on the bottom of the Perm Sea. This amazing place is located near the city of Sterlitamak and consists of several high cone-shaped hills. A unique geological monument, whose age is more than 230 million years.
■ The peoples of the Urals still use the names of the Urals in their languages: Mansi - Ner, Khanty - Kev, Komi - Iz, Nenets - Pe or Igarka Pe. In all languages it means the same thing - "stone". Among Russians who have long lived in the north of the Urals, a tradition has also been preserved to call these mountains Kamen.
■ The bowls of the St. Petersburg Hermitage were made from Ural malachite and jasper, as well as the interior decoration and the altar of the St. Petersburg Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood.
■ Scientists have not yet found an explanation for the mysterious natural phenomenon: the Ural lakes Uvildy, Bolshoi Kisegach and Turgoyak have unusually clear water. In neighboring lakes, it is completely muddy.
■ The top of Mount Kachkanar is a collection of bizarrely shaped rocks, many of which have proper names. The most famous of them is Camel Rock.
■ In the past, the richest deposits of high-quality iron ore in the Magnitnaya, Vysoka and Blagodat mountains, known throughout the world and listed in all textbooks on geology, are now either hidden or turned into quarries hundreds of meters deep.
■ The ethnographic appearance of the Urals people was created by three streams of settlers: Russian Old Believers who fled here in the 17th-18th centuries, peasants transferred to the Ural factories from the European part of Russia (mainly from the modern Tula and Ryazan regions) and Ukrainians, attracted as an additional labor force at the beginning 19th century
■ In 1996, the Yugyd Va National Park, together with the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve, with which the park borders in the south, was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites under the name “Virgin Komi Forests”.
■ Alikaev Stone - a 50-meter rock on the Ufa River. The second name of the rock is Maryin cliff. The TV movie “Shadows Disappear at Noon” was filmed here, about life in the Ural outback. It was from the Alikaev stone, according to the plot of the film, that the Menshikov brothers threw off the chairman of the collective farm, Marya Krasnaya. Since then, the stone has a second name - Maryin cliff.
■ The Zhigalan waterfalls on the Zhigalan River, on the eastern slope of the Kvarkush ridge, form a 550 m long cascade. With a river length of about 8 km, the elevation difference from source to mouth is almost 630 m.
■ Sugomak cave is the only cave in the Ural Mountains, 123 m long, formed in marble rock. There are only a few such caves on the territory of Russia.
■ The Krasny Klyuch spring is the most powerful water source in Russia and the second largest in the world after the Fontaine de Vaucluse vaux spring. The water flow of the Red Key spring is 14.88 m3/sec. Landmark of Bashkiria in the status of a hydrological monument of nature of federal significance.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: between the East European and West Siberian plains.
Geographical division: Pai-Khoi ridge. Polar Urals (from Konstantinov Kamen to the headwaters of the Khulga River), Subpolar Urals (the section between the Khulga and Shchugor rivers), Northern Urals (Voy) (from the Shchugor River to Kosvinsky Kamen and Mount Oslyanka), Middle Urals (Shor) (from Mt. Oslyanka to the Ufa River) and the Southern Urals (the southern part of the mountains below the city of Orsk), Mugodzhary ().
Economic regions: Ural, Volga, North-Western, West Siberian.
Administrative affiliation: the Russian Federation(Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Arkhangelsk and Tyumen regions, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Komi), Kazakhstan (Aktobe region).
Large cities: Ekaterinburg - 1,428,262 people. (2015), Chelyabinsk - 1,182,221 people. (2015), Ufa - 1,096,702 people. (2014), Perm - 1,036,476 people. (2015), Izhevsk - 642,024 people. (2015), Orenburg - 561,279 people. (2015), Magnitogorsk - 417,057 people. (2015), Nizhny Tagil - 356,744 people. (2015), Kurgan - 326,405 people. (2015).
Languages: Russian, Bashkir, Udmurt, Komi-Permyak, Kazakh.
Ethnic composition: Russians, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi, Kazakhs.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Islam, traditional beliefs.
Monetary unit: ruble, tenge.
Rivers: Caspian Sea basin (Kama with Chusovaya and Belaya, Ural), Northern Arctic Ocean(Pechora with Usa; Tobol, Iset, Tura belong to the Ob system).
Lakes: Tavatui, Argazi, Uvildy, Turgoyak, Big Pike.
CLIMATE
Continental.
Average January temperature: from -20°C (Polar Urals) to -15°C (Southern Urals).
Average temperature in July: from + 9°С (Polar Urals) to +20°С (Southern Urals).
Average annual precipitation: Subpolar and Northern Urals - 1000 mm, Southern Urals - 650-750 mm.
Relative humidity: 60-70%.
ECONOMY
Minerals: iron, copper, chromium, nickel, potassium salts, asbestos, coal, oil.
Industry: mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fertilizers, electrical engineering.
Hydroelectric power industry: Pavlovskaya, Yuma-guzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya HPPs.
Forestry.
Agriculture: crop production (wheat, rye, garden crops), animal husbandry (cattle, pig breeding).
Traditional crafts: artistic processing of Ural gems, knitting of Orenburg downy shawls.
Service sector: tourism, transport, trade.
