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The purpose of the project: To tell about the greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci, who enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. Present inventions that characterize him as an outstanding engineer of his time. Project Objectives: To meet the greatest scientist Leonardo da Vinci; Learn about the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci; Collect material on the topic; Analyze the collected information; Create an educational presentation "Leonardo da Vinci is an inventor" for school students; Arrange material; Participate in the lesson using the presentation.
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Medicine At the end of the Middle Ages, a star rose in Italy, illuminating the entire subsequent development of European civilization. A painter, an engineer, a mechanic, a carpenter, a musician, a mathematician, a pathologist, an inventor - this is not a complete list of the facets of a universal genius. Archaeologist, meteorologist, astronomer, architect... All this is Leonardo da Vinci. He was called a sorcerer, servant of the devil, Italian Faust and divine spirit. He was ahead of his time by several centuries. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of the boundless aspirations of the human mind. Leonardo da Vinci
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Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the picturesque Tuscan town of Vinci. The town of Vinci near Florence The house where Leonardo lived as a child. Tomb of Leonardo da Vinci in the Chapel of St. Hubert Leonardo did not have a surname in the modern sense; "da Vinci" simply means "(hailed from) the town of Vinci." His full name is Italian. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, that is, "Leonardo, son of Mr. Piero of Vinci."
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Leonardo had many friends and students. He had his own workshop in Florence. In 1481, da Vinci completed the first large order in his life - the altarpiece "The Adoration of the Magi" for a monastery located near Florence. In 1482, Leonardo, being, according to Vasari, a very talented musician, created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Workshop of Verrochio "The Adoration of the Magi"
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Milan, La Scala Square Monument to Leonardo da Vinci On La Scala Square in 1872, a monument to Leonardo da Vinci was erected The work of the sculptor Pietro Magni. The monument is a pedestal on which stands Leonardo da Vinci. Below Leonardo da Vinci are four of his students.
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Da Vinci was a famous figure of his time, but the real glory came many centuries after his death. Only at the end of the 19th century were the theoretical notes of the scientist published for the first time. It was they who contained descriptions of strange and mysterious devices for their time. Leonardo da Vinci left behind about 13,000 pages of various manuscripts - notes, diaries, drawings, treatises, canons, "codes". In the Renaissance, da Vinci could hardly count on the speedy implementation of all his inventions. The main obstacle to their implementation was insufficient technical level. But in the 20th century, almost all the devices described in his writings became a reality. This suggests that the "Italian Faust" was not only a talented inventor, but also a person who was able to anticipate technological progress. Of course, Leonardo's deep knowledge contributed to this.
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The scientist systematized his developments, creating the so-called "codes" - books containing records about certain aspects of science and technology. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed and wrote "mirror" - that is, from right to left, although sometimes, for example, for correspondence with officials, he used the usual style of writing. Rumors circulated around such an oddity of the master. One of the researchers of his work stated that Leonardo deliberately wrote “on the contrary” so that his notes would not be available to the ignorant .. His notes contained everything - from medicine, history and biology to mechanics, drawings, careful calculations of structures, drawings and poems . Autograph of Leonardo
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The Last Supper. 1495-1497 years. Painting on the wall. Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan. La Gioconda (Mona Lisa, 1503 Louvre, Paris) Leonardo is primarily known to our contemporaries as an artist. However, da Vinci himself at different periods of his life considered himself primarily an engineer or scientist. He did not devote much time to the fine arts and worked rather slowly. Therefore, the artistic heritage of Leonardo is not quantitatively large, and a number of his works have been lost or badly damaged. However, his contribution to world artistic culture is extremely important even against the background of the cohort of geniuses that the Italian Renaissance gave. Portrait of a musician
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"I want to create miracles" Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most versatile personalities in the history of the Italian Renaissance. He was able to glorify himself as a great artist and soothsayer, but his amazing inventions are most striking. Leonardo was fond of the development of military equipment. One of the truly ingenious ideas was the development of an iron chariot in the form of inverted saucers armed with cannons. He was the first to propose installing batteries of firearms on armored ships, he invented a helicopter, a bicycle, a glider, a parachute, a tank, a machine gun, poison gases, a smoke screen for troops, a magnifying glass (100 years before Galileo!). Da Vinci invented textile machines, powerful cranes, systems for draining marshes through pipes, and arched bridges. Inventions Inventions
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Bridge in the Norwegian city of As, built according to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. "I know how to build very light and strong bridges, suitable for transportation during attack and retreat, protected from fire and projectiles," wrote Leonardo da Vinci. The Leonardo da Vinci Revolving Bridge is a portable, lightweight bridge that was designed to allow an army to cross a river and then quickly tow it. The bridge consists of a single span and is attached to the shore with a vertical hinge, which allows it to rotate.
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MARINE MILITARY EQUIPMENT The double skin of the ship's hull was proposed to ensure greater unsinkability and invulnerability of ships when conducting naval battles. UNDERWATER MINE To destroy enemy ships, an underwater mine is screwed into the bottom of the ship by a submarine crew or a diver. For the first time, such a mine was used during the war in the United States (1860s), and saboteur divers appeared only during World War II. SUBMARINE "I know many means suitable for offensive and defensive maneuvers at sea and protecting ships ..."
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WATER MECHANISMS AND DEVICES Flippers The scientist developed a scheme of webbed gloves, which eventually turned into well-known flippers. These were gloves made of fabric in the form of a spreading bird's paw. These webbed gloves greatly increased swimming speed. Most required item when rescuing a drowning person - a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo has come down to our time almost unchanged. Leonardo da Vinci was engaged in everything that at least somehow concerned water.
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Water wheel DRAG Leonardo has many options for sketches of devices for raising water. Their purpose could be different. . These are fountains and water pipes and irrigation devices. With the help of such a water wheel with bowls, water was scooped up from the lower container and poured into the upper one. To clean the canals and deepen the bottom, Leonardo invented a dredge, which was installed on a raft fixed between two boats. The scoop plant was equipped with four blades. The blades were driven by a handle. The silt collected from the bottom was to be laid on a raft, fortified between two boats. By moving the axis of rotation of the drum vertically, it was possible to adjust the depth of the work performed. When the wheel was turned, the cable tied to the shore was wound around the drum, and the dredge moved.
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Leonardo loved the water: he developed diving instructions, invented and described a breathing apparatus for scuba diving. A soft suit - a diving suit was invented by Leonardo for underwater work, or rather, for anchoring a ship. According to Leonardo's plan, divers were to descend under the water for these purposes. Da Vinci divers could breathe with the help of an underwater air bell, put on masks with glass holes through which one could see underwater.
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Throughout his life, Leonardo da Vinci was literally obsessed with the idea of flight. No technical invention causes such awe and admiration as a flying machine. That is why special attention has been riveted to da Vinci's aircraft at all times. The inventor always dreamed of the idea of aeronautics. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of the device, which in our time is considered to be the prototype of a helicopter. AIRCRAFT VERTICAL AIRCRAFT
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Soon Leonardo lost interest in propeller-driven aircraft and turned his attention to the mechanism of flight. Birds became a source of inspiration for the scientist. Leonardo tried to create a wing for an aircraft in the image and likeness of feathered wings. To begin with, calculations were made that showed that the length of the duck wing (in yards) is numerically equal to square root her weight. Based on this, Leonardo established that to lift a flying machine with a person (136 kg) into the air, wings similar to those of a bird and having a length of 12 meters are needed. The wing, which, according to Leonardo's calculations, with a quick pressure on the lever, could lift its heavy stand from the ground with a wave.
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The world's first drawing of an airship with a controlled tail and a streamlined fuselage. 1486-1490 years. In the process of working on the aircraft, Leonardo made a very interesting drawing from the point of view of modern aviation. It depicts a flying ship - a ship, with seats for passengers, as well as a system of levers that control the wings and tail. Hang-glider of the great Leonardo da Vinci... One of the inventions of the great Leonardo came to life in Great Britain...
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The hang glider, conceived by Leonardo da Vinci over 500 years ago, is capable of flight. While da Vinci's parachute would have allowed a man to jump off a cliff and stay alive, an ornithopter would have allowed him to hover in the air above the earth.
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Attempts to reproduce the wing created by nature did not lead to success - and Leonardo turned to gliding flight, i.e. began to develop another flying machine, which was somewhat similar to a modern parachute. He developed the design of a glider that was attached to the back of a person so that the latter could balance in flight. The main, widest part of the wings was fixed, but their ends could be bent with cables and change the direction of flight. The drawing of the device turned out to be prophetic, which Leonardo himself described as follows: “If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards (about 7 m 20 cm), then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body” . The master made this entry between 1483 and 1486. Only a few hundred years later this drawing was transformed and such a device was called a "parachute" (from the Greek para - "against" and the French "chute" - fall). It is interesting that the idea of creating a parachute by Leonardo da Vinci was brought to its logical end only by the Russian inventor Kotelnikov, who in 1911 created the first backpack rescue parachute attached to the pilot's back.
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SIEGE AND DEFENSE MILITARY EQUIPMENT Leonardo da Vinci developed many simple, but at the same time effective military devices for the defense and siege of fortresses. ASSAULT LADDERS LADDER PUSHING DEVICE CUTTING ROTATING BLADES TO HIT ATTACKERS BOMB-THROWING MACHINE CATAPULT Tower for storming a castle
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Mounted chariot for offensive fighting with scythes. Leonardo made this illustration of a war machine for Treatise on War. These are war chariots equipped with scythes for cutting the leg tendons of enemy horses and soldiers, since the scythes were at the top and bottom, then literally, they mowed down everyone. It is a kind of chariot with spinning scythes to destroy the enemy in battle.
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FIREARMS Cannon QUICK-FIRE CROSSBOW GIANT CROSSBOW Leonardo da Vinci designs catapults and fortress crossbows that operate by the elasticity of wooden or steel springs. At the same time, he creates guns that are loaded not from the muzzle, but from the breech, multi-barreled salvo fire artillery, explosive bombs filled with buckshot, elongated projectiles equipped with a stabilizer and a powder booster. great attention Leonardo devoted himself to the design of automatic firearms. MACHINE GUN KEELED CANNELLS
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MULTIPLE-CHARGED FIGHTING VEHICLES One of the scientist's most exciting ideas was... a tank. This design had a rounded shape and outwardly resembled a turtle, bristling with tools on all sides. The inventor hoped to solve the problem of movement with the help of horses. True, this idea was quickly abandoned: in a confined space, animals could become uncontrollable. Instead, the “engine” of such a tank was to be eight people who would turn the levers connected to the wheels, and thus move the combat vehicle forward. Another crew member was supposed to be at the top of the apparatus and indicate the direction of movement. Interestingly, the design of the armored vehicle only allowed it to move forward.
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Bearings For the first time the idea, as many believe, was born in the time of the Roman Empire, but historians believe that it was in da Vinci's notebooks that the first sketches of the bearing appeared.
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The car While digitizing the "car", Leonardo's invented brake was discovered - experts in the automotive industry believe that the invention of the brake for auto progress turned out to be almost more important than the creation of the internal combustion engine. Among all the "earthly" discoveries of Leonardo, one should name ... a car. The master paid the main attention to the engine and chassis, so the design of the "body" did not reach us. The self-propelled wagon had three wheels and was driven by a clockwork spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was one more - a small, swivel, which was placed on a wooden lever. It is assumed that this idea was born by Leonardo back in 1478. But only in 1752, the Russian self-taught mechanic, peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov was able to assemble a “self-running carriage”, set in motion by the power of two people.
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The first bicycle in history The first technical drawings of a bicycle belong to Leonardo da Vinci. The Meiningen chronicle of 1447 tells of a moving device set in motion by a driver.
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Rolling mill The figure shows a machine for the production of tin sheets by rolling metal between the main rollers.
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Watch mechanisms Medicine Leonardo created variants of watches, improved their design: for example, watches with weights are the forerunners of watches wound by a spring. However, they needed too much vertical space to pull the weights. The scientist came up with a system of blocks that regulates the lowering of weights and reduces the required vertical space. Leonardo also solved the problem of compensating for energy losses that occur when the spring is untwisted: first, with the help of a lead screw - a spindle that slowly winds the spring; then he created unusual mechanisms, stronger and more stable than the spindle.
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Glasses Projector The study of binocular vision led Leonardo da Vinci to create around 1500. stereoscope, he invented a number of lighting devices, including lamp glass, he dreamed of creating a telescope from spectacle lenses. Leonardo da Vinci made many discoveries in optics.
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Leonardo approached the study of anatomy like a real naturalist - this is how we evaluate him today. However, the work of this man of genius, who could have received many of the laurels that Vesalius inherited, remained unfinished and resembled a giant skeleton. Nevertheless, Leonardo, who paved the way for modern science, deserves a place of honor also among anatomists - researchers of the human body.
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The first drawing of a humanoid robot was made by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 and was based on anatomical studies recorded in the Vitruvian Man. The Vitruvian Man is a drawing made by Leonardo Da Vinci around 1490-1492 as an illustration for a book dedicated to the writings of Vitruvius. It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms outstretched to the sides, describing a circle and a square. Drawing and text are sometimes referred to as canonical proportions. When examining the drawing, it can be seen that the combination of arms and legs actually amounts to four different postures. A pose with arms spread apart and legs not spread apart fits into a square (“Square of the Ancients”). On the other hand, a pose with arms and legs spread out to the sides fits into a circle. And, although the center of the figure seems to move when changing positions, in fact, the navel of the figure, which is its real center, remains motionless. If we tie a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - with a belt and then measure the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will refer to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the belt to the feet ... ". Indeed, in nature and the human body there are many proportional relationships close to what Leonardo da Vinci called the "golden section". In any work of art, several unequal, but close to the golden section, parts give the impression of the development of forms, their dynamics, proportional complement to each other.
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It is believed that in 1495 Leonardo da Vinci first formulated the idea of a "mechanical man", in other words, a robot. As conceived by the master, this device was supposed to be a mannequin dressed in knightly armor and capable of reproducing several human movements. Leonardo da Vinci's notes found in the 1950s contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight able to sit, spread his arms, move his head, and open his visor. The da Vinci robot has not survived, and no one knows exactly what it was capable of. .
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Leonardo da Vinci is an Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer, one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance, a vivid example of the "universal man". He literally turned the idea of people in all aspects of life. He truly deserves to be called a GENIUS. The greatest figure of his era! Leonardo da Vinci
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So who was Leonardo da Vinci really? Perhaps this is the biggest mystery. Although Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be one of the geniuses of the Renaissance, this is not even remotely true. He is unique! Neither before nor after him in history did there exist such a person who was a genius in all areas! Some researchers tend to consider him a time traveler who arrived in the Renaissance from a distant future. Others consider Leonardo a messenger of a developed extraterrestrial civilization, and still others consider him a resident of a parallel world that is more developed than ours. In any case, Leonardo da Vinci knew too well worldly affairs and the future that awaits humanity to be an ordinary person. "Born to Fly" left us drawings and superbly calculated drawings that are still relevant today! Hundreds of years passed before people could bring the ideas of Leonardo da Vinci to life.
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"Glory in the hands of labor" Leonardo da Vinci is a genius whose inventions belong undividedly to both the past, present and future of mankind. He lived ahead of his time, and if at least a small part of what he invented was brought to life, then the history of Europe, and possibly the world, would be different: already in the 15th century we would have been driving cars and crossing the seas on submarines. Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and conjectures. But how surprised a genius would be if he knew that many of his inventions are used even centuries after his birth.
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http://vinci.ru/ http://abitura.com/not_only/hystorical_physics/Vinchi.htm http://www.terredelrinascimento.it/immagini/gallery/vinci/aerea.jpg http://gizmod.ru/ 2007/05/24/izobretenija_velikogo_leonardo_da_vinchi/ http://www.zitata.com/da_vinci.shtml http://nauka03.ru/istoriya-anatomii/leonardo-da-vinchi.html References
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, .
In the 15th century, the idea of flight did not leave many engineers. But it was Leonardo who became the first to study the theory of flight.
Initially, da Vinci worked on the creation of an aircraft based on the principle of flapping wings. He analyzed the flight characteristics of birds and bats and studied the anatomy of their wings. He believed that a person could learn to fly if he designed and then put into action an apparatus that imitates the flapping flight of birds.
Some of his drawings show a person lying face down, about to take off with the help of mechanisms attached to the wings. Other drawings show more complex fastening systems. There are also drawings of a man with flapping wings, located vertically, and pressing the pedals of the apparatus with his hands and feet.
However, later da Vinci comes to the conclusion that a person simply does not have enough muscular strength in the torso and arms in order to rise into the air like a bird. As a result, he begins to study the possibility of flying without flapping, delving into the study of wind speed and ways to use air currents for flight.
His ideas, embodied in the form of drawings and sketches, largely anticipated the appearance of modern hang gliders, airplanes, helicopters and parachutes. The result of his tireless research was a collection containing 36 pages of drawings of bird flight and notes in which da Vinci claims that human flight is possible.
Leonardo's achievement in the field of aerodynamics can be viewed
Wing study (studio d "ala unita, wing study). Lots of Leonardo's studies of the study of wings. This wing pattern is based on the shape of a bat wing. This design was to be made of wood and completely covered with canvas. This model could have been a prop in the theatrical productions of da Vinci during his work at the royal court of Milan.
Wax hygrometer (igrometro a cera, wax hydrometer). This device measured the level of humidity in the atmosphere. It was a simple design with weights. On one side was a water-absorbing material like cotton wool, on the other side was a non-absorbent substance such as wax. When the air is dry, the plumb line remains vertical. When cotton wool absorbs moisture from the air, it becomes heavier than wax. The more cotton wool outweighed the wax, the higher was the degree of air humidity. Leonardo noted that this device helped "to recognize the quality and density of air and predict rain." Today, this principle is applied in weather boxes and other hygrometers based on absorbent material such as cat hair or human hair.
Anemoscope (anemoscopio, anemoscope). In the process of studying flight, Leonardo, among other works, created a drawing of an anemoscope, a device for determining the direction of the wind. The device looks exactly like a weather vane, often installed on the roofs of modern houses.
A device for measuring the speed of wind and water (studio per condotti conici, speed gauge for wind or water). Leonardo asked the question: "If the intensity of wind and water remains unchanged, can a fivefold increase in their intensity lead to a fivefold increase in energy?" This experimental device consisted of cone-shaped tubes with a hole at the top, through which wind and water were blown.
Anemometer (anemometro, anemometer). This instrument was used to measure the strength of the wind. The vertical plate moved as an indicator of the direction of the wind, and by the degree of its deviation from the vertical position it was possible to judge the intensity of the wind.
Flapping wing (studio d "ala batiente, flapping wing). This drawing was an experiment by Leonardo, with which he tried to determine the lift force of a flapping wing. The reed structure, covered with paper and consisting of a 12-meter wing and a net, was to be attached to a wooden beam weighing a person. If you quickly pull the lever down, the wing should have risen into the air along with the beam. If this idea worked, two wings would be able to lift the aircraft with the pilot and keep them in the air.
In his notebook, Leonardo wrote:
"...make sure that the jerk is as sharp as possible,
and if the desired result is not achieved,
Don't waste any more time on this."
Aircraft (macchina volante, flying machine). One of Leonardo's most famous drawings of human flight. A person, attached to the structure with straps, had to lie face down and pedal, raising and lowering the wings using ropes and levers. To change the direction of flight, it was necessary to pull the levers. The movement of the apparatus imitated the flight of birds, as the wings of the mechanism were bent and straightened during the flight.
Hang-glider (deltaplano, hang-glider). The early models of Leonardo's aircraft were based on the principle of imitating the flapping movements of the wings of birds. In the mechanism of such devices, blocks and levers were used to move the wings up and down. Later, Leonardo began to design vehicles that could fly using air currents and wind power. In such devices, a person could shift the center of gravity by simply changing the position of the upper part of his body. According to the drawing in this glider, the person was located at points "m", "d" and "a". The movement of the glider in flight was controlled by ropes. In 2002, in England, according to the drawings of Leonardo, a copy of this device was designed. And although the device was unstable in flight, it was nevertheless able to fly successfully after a tail was added to da Vinci's design.
Air screw (vite aerea, aerial screw). In the Middle Ages, children played spinning top, the blades of which rotated around an axis of thread and lifted the spinning top up. Apparently, Leonardo borrowed this idea for his concept of a propeller rising into the air. Four people, standing on a central platform at the base of the apparatus, had to move around the axis and push the levers. As the linen-covered propellers spun, a thrust was created that allowed the craft to rise into the air. Most likely, such a device would never be able to get off the ground and, nevertheless, it can rightfully be considered the prototype of a modern helicopter.
Vertical aircraft (ornitottero verticale, vertical flying machine). The figure shows a man standing in the very center of a huge apparatus. With the help of hands, feet and even his head, he had to control sliding mechanisms in order to rise into the air. Leonardo involved all parts of the human body in order to maximize the source of energy. The height of the device was 12 meters, the wingspan was 24 meters, and the design was also equipped with a retractable ladder with a shock absorber 12 meters long. Leonardo believed that the design should consist of two pairs of wings flapping diagonally (crosswise), like a horse.
Leonardo da Vinci was convinced that "a person who overcomes air resistance with the help of large artificial wings can take to the air." Convinced that he was right, he began to develop an apparatus driven only by human muscle power, and allowing him to soar in the air like a bird.
There are many drawings of such "ornitotteri" invented by Leonardo. Some of them depict a man lying down, who is about to take off with the help of mechanisms attached to the wings; others move forward with a more advanced system of screws and a pulley. There are also drawings of a man standing upright in a flying ship, on the pedals of which he pressed his hands and feet.
To design the wings of the "ornitotteri", Leonardo studied the anatomy of the bird's wing, considering the function and distribution of its feathers. Observing the flight of a bird, the scientist noticed that it flaps its wings differently when it hovering in the air, flying forward or landing. He was also interested in the membranous wings of bats. Based on these observations, Leonardo designed huge wings designed not only to lift a person into the air, but also to keep him in flight, thanks to the ailerons and hinges. He was going to imitate the aerial acrobatics of birds, their ability to conserve energy in flight and land accurately. Until the end of the 15th century, Leonardo was convinced that he could carry out the project of mechanical flight. However, he was worried about the fact that the capabilities of human muscles are limited. So he was going to use the mechanism of the bow instead of the energy of the muscles, which would ensure the movement forward. However, the bow did not solve the problems of autonomy in flight, arising from the rapid unwinding of the spring.
From 1503 to 1506 Leonardo was busy with research in Tuscany. Atmospheric conditions, the presence or absence of wind, the corresponding meteorological and aerodynamic phenomena forced him to abandon his old idea of a "tool" based on the flapping of wings and to recognize "flight without wing movement".
Observing how large birds allow air currents to pick them up and carry them in the air, Leonardo thought about equipping a person with large compound wings that would enable him to enter a suitable air current with simple body movements and not expend much effort on it. A person will float freely until he falls to the ground like a “dry leaf”.
Systematic studies undertaken by Leonardo at the beginning of the 16th century led him to the need to study the “quality and density of air”. For this purpose, he designed hydroscopic instruments. Leonardo emphasized that the laws of aerodynamics are similar to the laws of hydrostatics, i.e. the science of water is a mirror image of the science of the wind, “which (the science of the wind) we will show through the movement of water and this important science will be a step forward in understanding the flight of a bird in the air” .
Leonardo da Vinci helicopter
This drawing is an image of the "ancestor" of the modern helicopter. The radius of the screw is 4.8 m. It had a metal edging and a linen coating. The propeller was driven by people walking around the axle and pushing the levers. There was another way to start the screw - it was necessary to quickly unwind the cable under the axle. “I think that if this screw mechanism is soundly made, that is, made of starched linen (to avoid tears) and quickly spun, then it will find support in the air and fly high into the air.”
Hydroscope
The hydroscope is an instrument invented by Alberti. It was a simple set of scales with a hygroscopic substance (cotton wool, sponge, etc.) and wax that did not absorb water. According to Leonardo, the device was used in order "to find out the quality and density of the air and when it will rain."
INCLINE METER
This device is a pendulum placed inside a glass vessel (bell-shaped), serving to "direct the apparatus (flying) straight or at an angle, as you prefer, i.e. when you want to fly straight, set the ball in the middle of the circle" .
BALANCING STUDY
The movements of the glider in flight were controlled by the movable wings and the balancing of the pilot: “a person must be free from top to bottom from the waist so that he can balance himself, although he is in the boat, and so that his center of gravity coincides with the center of gravity of the entire structure and is balanced with him".
BALANCE STUDY
The scientist conducted a study of the balance of the glider in order to determine the center of gravity of the bird. Drawings of this glider do not exist, but it is known that it must have been built from lightweight materials: bamboo and fabric with fasteners and guy wires made of raw silk or special leather. A high reed structure in the form of a cylinder or parallelepiped, apparently, was stretched on straps from the very wide (about 10 m wide) wings of this glider. In this design, the pilot was located much lower than the wings, which created the balance of the apparatus.
LYING "ORNITOTTERO"
This drawing is one of Leonardo's most famous drawings: "A rotates the wing, B turns it with a lever, C lowers it, D raises it." A person lies stretched out on the platform: "This is where the heart is located." The legs are threaded into the stirrups in such a way that one leg raises the wing, the other lowers it. This is an aircraft in which a prostrate man pedals, raising and lowering the wings, bending and rotating them with the help of ropes and levers, i.e. this apparatus, as it were, “rows” through the air.
LYING "ORNITOTTERO" WITH FOUR WINGS
In another version of the "Ornitottero", the four wings were driven by the hands and feet of the pilot. The hands raised the wings with the help of a drum, and the legs lowered one pair of wings in turn. Thus, the rhythm of flapping wings accelerated. The apparatus on the back of the pilot was controlled by winding the ropes on the drums and unwinding them.
orchitopter
The picture is not a glider controlled by a pilot, but an interesting "hybrid". The pilot hangs vertically in the center of the vehicle, the wingtips have connections that control the vehicle, and the rigid structure supports it.
SPRING DRIVE ORCHITOPTER
Convinced that it was impossible to operate such an apparatus with the help of human muscle strength alone, Leonardo gave alternative solutions. For example, he designed an apparatus with a starting spring device that transfers its energy to the wings of the “ornitottero” (in this case- vertical) at the moment of straightening of the spring. In the detail on the left, Leonardo depicted a device similar to those he used in his "car" and in some clockwork. This system was theoretically so ahead of its time that it was even called the Leonardo Airplane. In practice, it proved to be imperfect due to the need to quickly unwind the spring and the difficulty in rewinding it during flight.
If a man has an awning made of dense fabric, each side of which is 12 arm lengths, and the height is 12, then he can jump without breaking from any significant height.
FLIGHT OF BIRD
Through systematic studies of bird flight, Leonardo decided to replace flapping flight with gliding flight. Around 1505, his book Codice sul Volo degli Uccelli was completed (at present it is in Turin, in the former Royal Library). These drawings are from this book.
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING WIND SPEED
There was another type of anemometer. It was made of cone-shaped tubes and was used to determine whether the wind turning the wheel was proportional to the air intake in the cone, given identical wind intensity.
LEVER AND COUPLING SYSTEM
Leonardo believed that the wings could be raised and lowered by a system of ropes and blocks, set in motion by the pilot's legs, threaded into the stirrups, and his hands operating the handles. Rising and falling, the wings were also bent and straightened with the help of an automatic system of braces, levers and joints.
DESCENT TO THE GROUND "DRY LEAF"
A person will turn to the right if he bends right hand and pull out the left; by changing these movements, he will turn from right to left.”
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The genius personality of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 in the village of Anchiano. Leonardo spent the first years of his life with his mother. Then the father took his three-year-old son to be raised. Separated from his mother, Leonardo tried all his life to recreate her image in his masterpieces. It is unlikely that in the history of the planet there will be another person who can be described with the same number of words: inventor, artist, anatomist, musician, architect, sculptor, engineer, genius, seer, poet ... His inventions were hundreds of years ahead of their time. His life is shrouded in mystery, and some of his works are still surprising.
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The versatile genius of Da Vinci can be equally called a genius in painting, and in architecture, and in mathematics, and in anatomy. His famous work is the depiction of the proportions of the human body.
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Masterpiece. Da Vinci's greatest work is The Last Supper, which he painted on the wall of the refectory in the monastery church of Sante Maria. This painting is 28 feet long, with figures one and a half times the height of a human being. The nobility of interpretation, the typicality of individuals, the great harmony of style, religious inspiration make the picture one of the greatest creations of human genius.
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The theme of the Madonna and Child. From 1476 to 1480, Leonardo da Vinci creates a series of studies on the theme: Madonna and Child "Madonna with a Flower" (Munich Museum) "Madonna Litta" (Hermitage) "Madonna Benois" (Hermitage) These three "Madonnas" have caused the most controversy for centuries . All three belong to the early period of Leonardo's work, but the intervention of other artists has almost erased the traces of his youthful hand.
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"Madonna Litta" "Madonna Litta" started in 1480. Looking at the sketches, we can conclude that Leonardo most likely did the staging of the figures, finished the head of the Madonna and completely painted some parts of the Child's body.
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"Madonna with a Flower" "Madonna with a Flower" may have been written by Leonardo when he was still studying in the workshop of Verrocchio. She is identified by many details: Madonna's braided hair, her left hand, drapery, flower.
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Car Among all the "earthly" discoveries of Leonardo, first of all, one should name ... a car. The master paid the main attention to the engine and running gear. Da Vinci's self-propelled wagon had three wheels and was driven by a clockwork spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was one more - a small, swivel, which was placed on a wooden lever.
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The first "Tank" Leonardo proposed to make chariots covered with armor that would not be afraid of enemy fire. The engine of this “tank” was supposed to be the horses inside, but Leonardo later abandoned this idea - the animals could panic in an enclosed space, so it was proposed to use a crew of 8 people to set the entire structure in motion and fight.
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Multi-barreled gun Another military innovation was to equip a conventional gun with a lifting block, which made it possible to adjust the angle of fire and increase the accuracy of destruction. Later, this idea was applied by Leonardo in the drawings of multi-barreled cannons, effective in shelling advancing infantry. This invention could become a medieval analogue of multiple launch rocket systems. Combined with the ammunition designed by Leonardo, these cannons would have been capable of hitting large groups of enemy soldiers at a considerable distance.
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Machine gun model This design was called by the scientist "musket in the form of an organ pipe". Three racks with barrels (11 barrels each) with a capacity of 33 charges were installed on the cart. The unit rotated. When one rack fired, the second reloaded, and the third cooled down, the power of the fire increased and a continuous shelling was created. The gun was equipped with a screw mechanism that regulates the lift.
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Crossbow The crossbow is a traditional fighting weapon that Leonardo da Vinci tried to modernize by increasing the "strength" and speed of fire. The shooter, sitting in the middle of the huge wheel, had only to carefully aim and release the arrow. The reloading of four crossbows occurred automatically as a result of the rotation of the wheel to which they were attached. The wheel was set in motion by hand by a group of people covered for safety by a wooden shield. Crossbows got to the shooter already loaded and ready for battle. Thus, the rate of fire and the destructive power of these weapons were significantly increased.
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The suit Another revolutionary invention of Leonardo was the underwater suit. It may not have been the first diving device. However, it was Leonardo who invented a full-fledged diving suit.
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Flying Machine Throughout his life, da Vinci was obsessed with the idea of flight. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches is a diagram of the device, which in our time is considered to be a prototype of a helicopter. Leonardo proposed to make a propeller with a diameter of 5 meters from thin flax soaked in starch. It was supposed to be driven by four people rotating levers in a circle.
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The first parachute The drawing of the device turned out to be prophetic, which Leonardo himself described as follows: If you have enough linen fabric sewn into a pyramid with a base of 12 yards, then you can jump from any height without any harm to your body. The master made this entry between 1483 and 1486. A few centuries later, such a device was called a parachute. As a result, Leonardo never managed to create a working model of a flying machine. He focused only on the device of the wing, worrying little about the power components of the mechanism.
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And finally ... Leonardo da Vinci. Great, mysterious, attractive. So distant and so modern. How much has been written about him, how much has been published, but it will never be enough. But, working in all areas of knowledge and art, he was everywhere original and great; and it is not his fault if his merits in the field of science and philosophy were appreciated too late and even now have not yet received universal recognition. I am sure that sooner or later the history of science will give Leonardo da Vinci the same place that he occupies in the history of art.
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Chelyabinsk region, Kusinsky district, Medvedevka village, MOU Medvedevskaya secondary school "Technical projects of Leonardo da Vinci". The work was done by a student of the 11th grade Bezrukov Alexey Teacher: Panferova Tamara Nikolaevna.slide 2
As a scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge of that time with insightful observations and conjectures. Leonardo paid special attention to mechanics, calling it "the paradise of mathematical sciences" and seeing in it the key to the secrets of the universe; he tried to determine the coefficients of sliding friction, studied the resistance of materials, and was enthusiastically engaged in hydraulics.
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PARACHUTE If a person has a tent of dense fabric, each side of which is 12 arm lengths, and the height is 12, then he can jump without breaking from any significant height. Aircrafts *
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HELICOPTER This figure is an image of the "ancestor" of the modern helicopter. The radius of the screw is 4.8 m. It had a metal edging and a linen coating. The propeller was driven by people walking around the axle and pushing the levers. "I think that if this screw mechanism is soundly made, that is, made of starched linen and quickly spun, then it will find support in the air and fly high into the air." *
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SPRING-DRIVEN ORCHITOPTER Convinced that it would be impossible to control such an apparatus with human muscle power alone, Leonardo provided alternative solutions. For example, he designed an apparatus with a starting spring device that transfers its energy to the wings at the moment the spring is straightened. This system was theoretically so ahead of its time that it was even called the Leonardo Airplane. In practice, it proved to be imperfect due to the need to quickly unwind the spring and the difficulty in rewinding it during flight. *
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A DEVICE FOR MEASURING WIND SPEED There was another type of anemometer. It was made of cone-shaped tubes and was used to determine whether the wind turning the wheel was proportional to the air intake in the cone, given identical wind intensity. *
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Combat vehicles and mechanisms AUTOMATIC This picture shows another automatic weapon with several weapon racks and a lift, invented by Leonardo. *
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ARMORED WAN The idea of a covered wagon-platform, attacking the enemy lines at the head of the advancing troops, originated in the Middle Ages and was enthusiastically taken up in the 14th century. Leonardo da Vinci designed a heavy wagon in the shape of a turtle, armed on all sides with cannons and armored. The problem of moving this platform was hoped to be solved with the help of sailing ships, but instead, Leonardo proposed placing 8 people inside the car, setting it in motion using a gearbox connected to the wheels. *
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WINCHED CATAPULT The catapult is one of the most ancient traditional weapons. A catapult with a winch had a flexible shoulder, as well as a bucket, where a stone was placed along the ladder for throwing. The winch bolt opened, freeing the flexible shoulder. It, in turn, hit the ladle, which threw the stone a considerable distance. A group of such catapults, hitting the enemy at the same time, could provide excellent protection. *
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MODEL OF THE MACHINE GUN This design was called by the scientist "the musket in the form of an organ pipe". Three racks with barrels (11 barrels each) with a capacity of 33 charges were installed on the cart. The unit rotated. When one rack fired, the second reloaded, and the third cooled down, the power of the fire increased and a continuous shelling was created. The gun was equipped with a screw mechanism that regulates the lift *
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GIANT CROSSBOW The size of the crossbow shown in this picture is much larger than the size of a conventional hand-held one. It can be seen from Leonardo's description that the opening of the crossbow's shoulder is 42 handle lengths, in the open form the length of the crossbow is 24 m. The arrow for this crossbow was made from flat sections in order to increase its strength and flexibility. The bowstring was stretched using a special fastener shown in the lower right corner of the picture. The trigger mechanism is shown on the left. *
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STEAM-FIRED GUN - "ARCHITRONITO" Leonardo tried to create an alternative to gunpowder. The most interesting was the cannon he copied from Archimedes, firing with the help of steam. This is a copper cannon, the chimney of which was strongly heated by a blowtorch. Then water was poured into the red-hot chimney, which “immediately turned into such a huge amount of steam and smoke that a miracle seemed to happen; for the eyes it is rage and anger, for the ears it is a fierce roar. "The pressure of the steam instantly increased so that it was enough to shoot the iron ball in the barrel. *
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A QUICK-FIRE CROSSBOW The crossbow is a traditional fighting weapon that Leonardo da Vinci tried to modernize by increasing the "strength" and speed of fire. The shooter, sitting in the middle of the huge wheel, had only to carefully aim and release the arrow. The reloading of four crossbows occurred automatically as a result of the rotation of the wheel to which they were attached. The wheel was set in motion by hand by a group of people covered for safety by a wooden shield. *
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SPRINGS This picture shows a set of different kinds of springs that Leonardo wanted to make. Various devices *
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CLOCK MECHANISM In northern Italy, there were traditional watchmaking workshops. In Leonardo's time, there were quite a few city clocks. Leonardo created several watch devices. One of them is shown in the figure. This is a conical leveling device connected to the main spring (inside the box) by means of a device that lifts the conical gear *
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THE CAR This famous drawing is a prototype of the modern car. A self-propelled cart moves with the help of a complex crossbow mechanism, which transfers energy to drives connected to the steering wheel. The rear wheels can move independently. The fourth wheel is connected to the steering wheel, with which you can steer the cart. Initially, this vehicle was intended for the amusement of the royal court and belonged to the range of self-propelled vehicles that were created by other engineers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. *
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PERPETUAL MOBILE Leonardo demonstrated this proof with the help of drawings and comments. The instrument depicted here is made of sticks, at the ends of which weights are suspended: "whatever weight is applied to the wheel, the center of such a weight will undoubtedly stop at the center of its own pole; and there is no such tool that the genius of man could invent, which, being rotated about its own axis, could avoid such an effect. *
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MACHINE FOR LIFTING LONG OBJECTS The movement of any load occurs in a straight line. *
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FAN One of the applications of hydrodynamics proposed by Leonardo is the creation of a device capable of compressing air and driving it through pipes. Such a device has a wide range of applications: from ventilation of rooms to ignition of stoves. Cylindrical drum, covered on the outside with blades that set it in motion, and on the inside divided into four sections with open flaps to release compressed air to the outside. A certain amount of water circulates inside it, flowing from one section to another, compressing the air and pushing it out through a pipe located in the middle. Hydraulic mechanisms *
