HISTORY OF STATES
OF THE ANCIENT EAST

PLAN

1. The era of early Antiquity (the end of the 4th millennium BC - the end of the 2nd millennium BC):
a) Egypt
b) Sumero-Akkadian period;
c) Assyria and Babylon (in the 2nd millennium BC);
d) The first civilizations in India and China.
2. The heyday of the Ancient States (II millennium BC - the end of the 1st millennium BC):
a) Assyria
b) Israel and Judea;
c) the Persian state of the Achaemenids;
d) Parthia;
e) India;
e) China.
3. The era of late Antiquity (the first half of the 1st millennium AD).
a) China;
b) Sassanid state;
c) India.
4. The contribution of the culture of the peoples of Antiquity to world civilization.

A new stage in the history of mankind begins at the end of the 4th millennium BC. - the first civilizations appear

The most important characteristic feature of the new stage of development was the creation
ancient states.
The history of states from the end of the 4th millennium BC - until the middle of the 1st millennium AD which
originated from the Mediterranean to the Pacific Ocean,
called HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
3 stages in the history of the countries of the Ancient World:
1. The era of early Antiquity
(the end of the 4th millennium BC - the end of the 2nd millennium BC);
2. The heyday of ancient states is over
(II millennium BC - the end of the 1st millennium BC);
3. The era of late antiquity
(first half of the 1st millennium AD).
In the history of ancient states stand out
2 specific development options.
1) Ancient Eastern;
2) Antique (Greece, Rome).

THE ERA OF EARLY ANTIQUITY OF ANCIENT EASTERN COUNTRIES (END OF IV - END OF II MILLION BC)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPOCH
ECONOMIC SPHERE:
Chronological
frontiers
period
Antiquities almost coincide with the age
- the main material for the manufacture
labor;
early
bronze
guns
The first states appeared in the valleys of the rivers Nile, Tigris,
Euphrates, where it was possible to create irrigation
(irrigation) systems are the basis of irrigated agriculture.
In the valleys of these rivers, people were much less dependent on
natural conditions and received stable yields;
the most important
the function of the first states became
construction of irrigation complexes, which required
joint work a large number people, her clear
organizations;

In the III millennium BC. the main economic unit were large
royal households;
The natural type of production dominated the economy;
Trading
relationships developed within isolated
regions (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India) and existed in the form
exchange;
Start
process
formation
patriarchal
type
slaveholding relations (unlike the ancient states,
where classical slavery existed).
REASONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF PATRIARCHAL SLAVERY:
arose in the conditions of subsistence farming, when products
was produced for own consumption, so there was no
the need for a high degree of exploitation;
Slaves were not the main producers of material goods (as
in ancient states), because core job in a leading industry
economy - agriculture - was performed by communal peasants;
The slave was, as it were, a "junior", incomplete member of a large
family, worked together with the owners, who, although they considered him
property, have not yet seen in him just a living tool of labor,
recognized for him separate rights of the human person;
Not only prisoners of war - strangers - fell into captivity, but also
tribesmen who find themselves in debt bondage (this is not inherent
classical slavery);

In all states of the Ancient East (except Egypt)
there were 2 sectors of the economy associated with
types of land ownership:
1. The community sector of the economy, where ownership of
land belonged to territorial communities, and
movable property was private property
community members,
which
processed
dedicated
community allotments of land;
2. The public sector of the economy, in which
included lands owned by the state
king, as well as lands granted to temples. earth
processed formally free, but powerless
"royal people"
Thus, in the state and communal
sector as auxiliary labor was used
slave labor (patriarchal type of slaveholding
relations).

Changes in the economy of the ancient Eastern states in the II millennium BC.

some improvement of tools;
progress in handicrafts and partly in agriculture;
growth of marketability of production;
development of usury;
an increase in debt slavery;
state lands under various conditions began to be provided
private individuals;
economic, political and cultural
contacts between different areas of the Middle East,
international trade routes are being formalized, the number of trade
settlements on the territory of other states;
the struggle for dominance on trade routes is intensifying,
number of wars.
At the turn of III and II millennium BC. there was active movement
tribes. Indian and Persian came to the territory of Iran
tribes, in India, the Ganges valley began to develop Indo-Aryan
tribes.
At the end of II - beginning of I millennium BC. the IRON AGE began. culture
iron was brought to the territory of ancient states by young
peoples, ("peoples of the sea"), who invaded Egypt, Asia Minor
and the Eastern Mediterranean.

POLITICAL SPHERE:

initial
NOMS were the form of states
(city-states) that united the lands
several territorial communities, and administrative,
their religious and cultural center was the city.
Nomes first appeared in Egypt and southern Mesopotamia.
at the end of the 4th millennium BC
Over time, the nomes turned into associations of the river
basin or united under the authority of the most
a strong nome collecting tribute from weak city-states;
A characteristic form of socio-political structure
states in the III - II millennium BC. was DESPOTIA,
which the ruler had full power and was considered
a god or a descendant of the gods;
Ruler
leaned
in
management
country
on the
bureaucracy, where there was a clear
rank system and subordination;
The state imposed taxes on the entire working population and
state duties - public works.

THE AGE OF THE ANCIENT STATES (late II - late I millennium BC)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPOCH
the period of the emergence of world powers or empires,
which, compared with the states of early antiquity
represented stronger associations with the central
management and a unified internal policy;
despotism as a form of
state structure;
in the world powers, the rural area is gradually
found itself in the public sector, community
the economic sector was preserved in the cities, where, along with
central
power
existed
bodies
self-government;
slave labor began to predominate in handicraft
city ​​production;
in agriculture have traditionally been employed
community peasants,
although
work
slaves
started
be used much more widely, especially by the state;

The most important
honors
2nd
stage
antiquities
in
economic sphere is the active use
iron and steel;
iron tools increased productivity
labor, which contributed to the development of agriculture,
handicrafts, the growth of the marketability of production and monetary
systems (in the form of coins);
development international trade, which included
India, China, middle Asia and south Arabian
peninsulas;
a consequence of the development of TAR is the emergence at the end
stage of private land ownership (along with
state and communal), the land turned into
object of sale;
in the economies of most countries began to dominate
large private farms.

THE ERA OF LATE ANTIQUITY (first half of the 1st millennium AD)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPOCH
Tribes and peoples began to play an increasingly important role
the periphery of the ancient states, which were undergoing a process
social
bundles
and
arose
background
statehood;
In III-V centuries. The Great Migration of Nations began
covering all the outskirts of the ancient states and becoming
the immediate cause of their downfall;
There have been significant changes in all spheres of life:
- new social and economic relations were formed,
- eliminated city freedoms,
- the process of equalizing different groups of workers
(free,
disabled,
slaves)
before
provisions
dependent subjects,
- the beginning of the curtailment of commodity-money relations,
- Centre economic life moving from cities to
estates of large landowners who concentrated
economic, political, judicial power.
Thus, in the early centuries new era happened
the formation of new - feudal relations, ANCIENT
GOT PLACE TO THE MIDDLE AGES.

For a long period the history of Sumer was forgotten.
The first information about Mesopotamia goes back to the classics of antiquity -
the historian Herodotus (5th century BC) and the geographer Strabo (border AD).
Large-scale research began in the nineteenth century.
The main goal in the twentieth century. was the restoration of the face of civilization
through the excavation of cities and the deciphering of Akkadian cuneiform.

Geographical location, natural conditions and population

"Mesopotamia" ("the land between
rivers") is located in the valley
lower reaches of the Tigris and
Euphrates.
Plain as a result of flooding of rivers
turned into fertile
soil (alluvial silt), then in
swamp.
Summer lasted 6 months (t + 52°C).
disadvantages
natural
conditions:
lack of stone, wood and metal.
However, using waterways already in the 4th millennium BC
BC Sumerians to buy resources
paved trade routes in the Middle
East (Turkey, Egypt, Syria).

The luxury of the Sumerian land gave rise to the myth of paradise on earth - Eden (the birthplace of mankind) in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

How and why did the grandiose changes in the Sumerian civilization become possible?
Historians claim that the great educators of mankind were
historical rivers. The emergence and evolution of primitive civilizations
should be seen not in the natural environment, but in the relationship between the environment and
people's ability to cooperate and solidarity.

Milestones on the path to civilization. The emergence of the Sumerian civilization dates back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e.

Milestones on the path to civilization.
The emergence of the Sumerian civilization refers to
the second half of the IV millennium BC. e.
At a time when the majority
population
Earth
huddled
in
caves
and
rough
huts,
was engaged
hunting
and
gathering,
in
Sumer
for the first time in human history
have been carried out:
neolithic revolution;
created a progressive effective
rural
economy,
which
implemented
large
irrigation
projects,
what
led to the emergence of additional
product and created conditions for the exchange
surplus products;
developed
crafts
(pottery,
blacksmithing, weaving).

Social organization of the Sumerians

Citizens of cities lived in
developing society with a clear
division into classes
run by religious and
the political elite.
The foundation of states was
the bureaucracy that
features:
administrative work;
collection of taxes;
adoption of judicial decisions.
The oldest law in the world
Sumerian law, built on
principle of compensation (fee
silver replaced the physical
punishment).
The Sumerians created the world's first
regular army in the form of a light
infantry with bows and brilliant
agile chariots.

Achievements of the Sumerians in construction and art

emergence
first
in
world of cities (brilliant
city
Eridu,
sacred
the city of Nippur and
big city of ancient
world of Uruk).
Construction of the world's first
grandiose engineering
buildings - ziggurat -
stepped brick
pyramid on top of which
the temple towered (height
associated with housing
gods).
Clay bricks were fired
sun and lined
the world's first mosaic.
About high art
artists say
great work from
stones covered with shells and
semi-precious stones.

300 years ahead of the Egyptians, the Sumerians around 3300 BC. created cuneiform writing using pictograms - simple images p

300 years ahead of the Egyptians, the Sumerians around 3300 BC.
created cuneiform writing using
pictograms - simple images of objects around
peace
Emerging as a means of accounting for goods,
the development of writing led to the emergence
difficult
concepts
expressed
combination of characters (for example, the symbol
meals were head and bowl).
Pictograms
became
more
abstract, depicting things, ideas and
sounds.
Complex
Sumerian
writing
consisted of 800 multi-valued characters.
It was owned only by state officials and
priests (in our time - 250 specialists).
Edubba occupied an important place in the system.
- school of scribes, whose graduates were
devoted
in
secrets
management
state.

Research Achievements

27 thousand cuneiforms are known
plates on which it was created
18 volume
vocabulary
values
cuneiform characters (university
Pennsylvania).
They told that
The Sumerians first created:
medical
prescription
directory;
library catalog;
ornamental gardening;
put
Start
regular
astronomical observations and
created the oldest calendar.
However, the long list of Sumer's achievements includes the first
an example of unreasonable treatment of nature. Farmers were attracted
rich cities, which led to a decrease in the productivity of agricultural land.

Increasingly realistic art developed in the ancient Sumerians, and early Sumerian literature anticipated the great classical literature.

In the ancient Sumerians, an increasingly realistic
art, and early Sumerian literature anticipated
great literature of classical Greece and biblical stories
Significant contribution to world culture
is the oldest on earth
epic poem
"The Tale of Gilgamesh" ("all
who saw")
18th century BC.
The hero of the poem, half-man-half-god,
defeating numerous enemies,
learns the meaning of life and the joy of being,
learns (for the first time in the world!) the bitterness of loss
friend and the inevitability of death.
The history of the cultures of Mesopotamia provides an example
opposite type of cultural
process: intensive mutual influence,
cultural heritage,
borrowing and succession.
Clay tablet with a fragment
The Epic of Gilgamesh. British museum.

Developed religious system of the Sumerians

Numerous pantheon of gods confirms that everything in Sumer is from
music, sculpture to disease, harvest and wisdom - worked from
divine power.
At the top of the hierarchy of gods stood 3 gods who were decorated,
sacrificed to them and arranged ritual ceremonies:
An is the creator of heaven;
Enlil is the creator of air;
Enki is the creator of the waters.

State organization of the Sumerian civilization

I form: system of confederation of independent
states
The Sumerian epic describes its origin as follows:
"... in the beginning was the city of Eridu";
the first city-state to unite
Sumerians, was Kish;
under the rule of Gilgamesh, power was seized by the city-state of Lagash.
The second form first arose in world history:
empire (2330 BC)
Empire
state that unites
various tribes or peoples and is ruled from
single center.
Sargon, king of the city of Akkad (offspring of the Semitic
tribe (not Sumer!) skillfully combined traditions
Sumerians and Akkadians. After 200 years of existence,
by the blows of the hordes of the Iranian tribe of the Guteans, the empire of Sargon
died in the 21st century. BC. (2193 BC).
in 2120 BC power seized the city of Uruk. Power
the Sumerians were destroyed by the Amorites from Syria and Arabia and
Elamites from the east (2004 BC).

Causes of the fall of the political power of the Sumerians

Natural and climatic factor: channel change
The Euphrates left the Sumerian cities on barren
hills;
Political factor: endless uprisings of the conquered
peoples;
External factor: the onslaught of uncivilized nomads
(Guteans, Amorites and Elamites).
Sumerians preserved culture and national identity
still in the 5th century Sumerian priests existed for thousands of years, becoming
a kind of scientific and religious caste (in the Bible
known as the Chaldeans).
Although the Sumerian language fell into disuse,
but the Sumerian culture did not disappear without a trace. under her
influence arose something new - the great Babylonian and
Assyrian civilization. They borrowed from the Sumerians
letter,
systems
rights,
state
management,
religious thought and literature.

BABYLON KINGDOM

Led by the kings of the Amorite dynasty in
18th century BC. exalted Babylonian
kingdom, heir to the culture of Sumer and Akkad.
Babylon reached the pinnacle of greatness under the king
Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC), who
became famous as the author of the 1st code in the world
laws based on the principle of "an eye for an eye,
tooth for tooth.
The decline of Babylon came in the 2nd century. BC, among its ruins
preserved a small rural settlement.
In the VI century. Arab conquerors did not even know what was under

ASSYRIAN KINGDOM

In the XVI century. BC.
political
and
cultural
Centre
moved
in
top
flow
the Tigris River, where
Assyrian kingdom.
In the 8th century BC.
Assyria
captured
Babylon.
In 538 BC
Persian king Cyrus
conquered Assyria and
336
before
AD
Alexander Makedonsky
th
conquered Mesopotamia.
AT
subsequent
became
area
Hellenistic
states
Seleucids.

Babylonian-Assyrian culture

Babylon under Hammurabi
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Characteristic features of science:

relatively high level science, literature and
arts;
dominance of religious ideology.
HERITAGE OF BABYLON CULTURE:
creation of a positional calculus system;
time measurement systems - divide an hour by 60
minutes, and a minute into 60 seconds;
measuring the area of ​​geometric shapes;
the difference between stars and planets;
came up with a 7-day week, dedicating each day
deity;
astrology - the science of the connection of human destinies with
the movement of the planets.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION is one of the most ancient and long-term
civilizations of the world (3rd millennium - 4th century BC)

Geographical location, natural conditions and population of Egypt

Prerequisites for
favorable management
farms:
relative
geographical
isolation
countries
spared
Egypt
from
intervention
others
states;
Availability
fertile
valleys
Nile,
stretching from south to
north to the Mediterranean
1120 km long;
The floods of the Nile are a gift
rivers
farmers,
bringing brown mud to
earth. ancient name
Egypt - "Kemet" ("black
earth") - emphasizes
the blessing of the water element.

The history of Egypt was conducted according to the genealogies of kings or dynasties. Surrounded by a halo of greatness and legends, the rulers - pharaohs were revered as descended

The history of Egypt was conducted according to the genealogies of kings or dynasties.
Surrounded by a halo of greatness and legends, the rulers -
pharaohs were revered as living gods descended from heaven on
earth.
1. EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (2920-2575 BC)
In the IX millennium BC. nomadic tribes of hunters concentrated in
understand the Nile. In the 5th millennium BC There are 2 associations:
Lower Egypt - in the Nile Delta;
Upper Egypt - along the green corridor of the banks of the Nile.
Around 3000 BC Upper Egypt conquered its northern neighbor and
founded the 1st dynasty.
In Egypt, a centralized despotic
monarchy:
the pharaoh had unlimited power;
the pharaoh owned the entire land fund of the country and large resources
work force;
The basis of the economy was large royal farms, part of the land
allocated to temples and some private individuals;
community peasants were turned into a dependent category of tsarist
people - hemu. Hemu received food rations or donations for their work.
land;
widespread public works assigned to
hemu (construction of pyramids and irrigation canals);
The country was run by an extensive bureaucracy,

Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser

During the 3rd Dynasty
the architect Imhotep erected from
limestone blocks
step pyramid for
burial of pharaoh Djoser
OK. 2650 BC e.
S - 125 × 115 m, height - 61
m.
Pyramid became the 1st in the list
gigantic monuments on
land of Egypt.
The pyramid reflected
religious and philosophical
symbolism of the sun: spirit
the pharaohs climbed into the sky
on the steps of the pyramid and
soared up the slope
sun beam lines,
accompanying the sun god Ra in
its movement across the sky.

2. Old Kingdom - 2575-2134 BC.

During the 4th Dynasty, the heyday of
Egyptian culture, writing (hieroglyphic
writing), arts and commerce. It became a herald
new era in the history of Egypt - the Old Kingdom.
In V-th times dynasty increased the cult of the Sun Ra,
weakening the influence of the pharaohs.
By the end of the 6th Dynasty, the Old Kingdom had split into
hostile principalities.
Unparalleled architectural monuments
era - the pyramid complex at Giza and the Sphinx
Complex of the Bolshoi
Sphinx
consists of a statue of a reclining lion with
the head of a man in royal attire
and traditional waybill
beard of pharaohs and temple. Sphinx
carved from a single block
limestone 57.3 m long, high
20 m
Built by order of the pharaoh
Khafry, whose features

ancient egyptian
the necropolis includes:
1. Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Great
pyramid or pyramid of Cheops);
2. Pyramid of Khafre (height 143.5 m;
3. Pyramid of Menkaure;
4. Satellite pyramids
(Queens,
sidewalks and pyramids of the valley).
Pyramid of Khufu
the only surviving
the wonder of the seven wonders of our day
Sveta.
The tallest of all the pyramids
Reconstruction of the complex
146.6 m
S - 55 thousand m²; composed of 2 million 300
pyramids at Giza
thousand limestone blocks weighing
2.5 tons each. Initially, the surface
lined with polished
limestone slabs and shone.
The hypothesis states that its forms
contain divine numbers
Between blocks
to measure space and
cannot be pasted
time, but proportions
even the blade
correspond to the distance from
razors
Earth to the Sun.

3. First transitional period (2134 - 2040 BC)

At the beginning of the pharaonic period
possessed
weak
real
power,
a
civil strife
weakened
Egypt.
AT
eventually
IX and X reigned
dynasties in Egypt. However
aggressive princes in
Thebes
proclaimed
myself
legitimate heirs to the throne
and founded their own dynasty.
cultural
development
Egypt
experienced an upsurge.
Kheti III, Pharaoh IX

4. Middle Kingdom - 2040 - 1640 BC.

Sun God Ra
God Osiris
Uniting Egypt, Pharaoh
Thebes founded the 11th dynasty and
proclaimed mean
kingdom. The king enjoyed
support of officials
nullifying the power of local
rulers. They took care of
the needs of the population, mastering
by artificial irrigation
thousands of acres of arable land.
This period gave impetus
new flowering of art.
Huge popularity
continued to enjoy the cult
the sun god Ra, but
simultaneously spread
cult of the god Osiris,
ruler of the Underground
kingdom, which attracted and
rich and poor.

5. Second Intermediate Period (1640 - 1550 BC)

For unknown reasons
the kingdom was falling apart. Egypt
plunged into an abyss of powerlessness.
The crown passed from hand to hand.
The tribes took advantage
Hyksos from Palestine, who
Founded the 15th Dynasty.
Head of the mummy of Pharaoh Ahmose I
17th Dynasty of Thebes
using the latest
weapons (chariots),
freed Delta from
foreign dominion.
She proclaimed
new era in history
Egypt -
New kingdom.

One of the mysteries of the Egyptian civilization is the activity of Pharaoh Akhenaten Amenhotep IV (1353-1335 BC)

Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti carried out a religious reform:
prohibition of the pantheon of Egyptian gods;
the introduction of monotheism - the recognition of the only deity Aton -
god
"life-giving sun" (solar disk).
The pharaoh founded the city of Akhetaten ("Horizon of the Aten") - a religious center
the cult of the Aten (population 50 thousand people).
Among the new images, the most
the bust of Nefertiti became attractive. The splendor of forms represents time
creative searches, changes in style in art and the charisma of a woman.
Akhenaten's successors - Tutankhamun and Aye - returned the old gods, destroyed
Akhetaten and crossed out the name of the heretic from the list of ruling pharaohs, which in
civilization, obsessed with the idea of ​​immortality, was a terrible punishment. Archaeologists
found 28 statues thrown from the pedestal of the statues of Akhenaten.

6. New Kingdom (1550-1070 BC)

During the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
East was a stream of looted trophies and captives.
Egypt once again became a prosperous and open society,
where
blossomed
art.
Central
way
works was the Theban god Amon.
Contemporaries were struck by the luxury of the tomb
Tutankhamen, where 5 thousand valuable things were found.
The pyramid was built in the "Valley of the Kings" near Thebes on
depth of 4 m underground.
The massive quartzite sarcophagus contained
3 coffins, the last one is made of high grade gold. AT
the pantry contained 3 royal beds, chests with
jewelry; armchairs, throne, chariots and caskets. Entrance
in the chambers "guarded"
2 golden pharaoh statues with
mace.
Compared with the "modest" tomb of Tutankhamun
the most luxurious underground palace was the tomb
Ramses II (1224 BC).

7. Third Intermediate Period (1070 - 712 BC)

A power crisis is brewing within the country.
Egyptian possessions occupied Palestinian
tribes that terrorized the population.
Egypt split in two: military junta
captured Upper Egypt, the Delta -
dynasty of merchant pharaohs.
Then power passed to
Libyan dynasty,
who was overthrown
military from Nubia.
Pharaohs of the new dynasty
wore a symbol on their crowns
united
dominion over Nubia and
Egypt - double uraeus.
Osorkon II XXII dynasty

8. Late period (712 - 332 BC)

In the 7th century BC Egypt was attacked
Assyrians. A short period of calm
came only under the XXVI dynasty.
However, in 525 BC. Persians invade Egypt
who founded the XXVII dynasty in the status
provinces.
The last independent pharaohs are
XXVIII-XXX dynasty, but a new blow
Persians forever ended independence
Egypt.
Persia and Egypt in 332
BC. fell under the blows
armies of Alexander
Macedonian, who
flipped the last
history page
great Egyptian
civilization.
final decline
as a province
Rome stepped in
as a result of the attack
Caesar Augustus in 30
BC.

INDIAN AND CHINESE CIVILIZATIONS

Author: Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the LGAKI G.I.
Queen

ORIENTAL PHENOMENON

Eastern type of civilization -
an ancient type of civilization represented by a synthesis of a highly developed culture and religion
peoples of China, India and Japan
Classical features of the eastern type of civilization:
1. Cyclicity ("coils") of the progressive development of philosophy, science, culture and
arts;
2. Slow pace of social change;
3. Specific ideas about historical time: a person at the same time
existed in the past, present and future, because immortal soul changes shape
existence;
4. Special idea of ​​ancestors: deceased ancestors (past) existed in
some other form in the present. Unborn descendants (future) exist in another
form in the present;
5. Canonization of traditions and experience of generations as the highest social value;
6. Paternalism - the unquestionably high authority of the older generation, the absence
problems of "fathers and children";
The good life unfolds in the "five inherent human relationships": the ruler
- civil servant, father - son, husband - wife, old - young, friend - friend.

7. The charismatic nature of the mentality, in which perception
reality occurs through:
- sensory experience (hear, feel, see),
- faith in divine forces, the gods are part of wildlife, actively
participate in the life of man, and man influences the gods;
8. Slow pace of change in Eastern societies;
9.
The purpose of the existence of society
divine ideal;
-
motion
to
higher
10.
The main value of human being is the comprehension of the higher
sacred (sacred, secret) meaning, and not its realization
specific goals;
11. The prevalence of the principle of collectivism, the subordination of interests
personality goals of the community;
12. Development of a special vertical type of social ties in
within the framework of Eastern despotism, based on:
unlimited power of the ruler, the deification of earthly rulers,
"possessing" supernatural powers;
impersonality of the state machine
complete dependence of man on the bureaucracy,
lack of human value,
exclusion of personal initiative and responsibility of a person;
13. Virtually no horizontal links between communities.

INDIAN CIVILIZATION

India -
it is a civilization within which intertwined
different religions and cultures. Indian
people reflect the diversity of nature and
climate, languages, ways of life and
cultural monuments. Complex
manifolds predetermined and
historical origins of Indian
civilization.
Diverse and religious
India systems:
tribal cults.
Buddhism,
Jainism,
Zoroastrianism,
Christianity;
Hinduism,
Islam,
Sikhism.

Geographic
position, nature and
population
The centers of civilization formed in
3 geographic zones:
1 zone: in the north of India, the highest mountain in the world
chain - the Himalayas - have become a reliable barrier to
ways of mass movements of groups of people;
Zone 2: the valleys of the Ganges and Indus rivers, which played an important
role in the birth of civilization;
3 zone: the southern part of India - Hindustan, washed by
Indian Ocean.
Factors contributing to the development of the Indian
civilizations:
hot and humid favorable climate, therefore
most of the territory is jungle;
abundance of large and small rivers.
Diversity of ethnic composition
The population was formed as a result of:
numerous conquests;
migratory flows.
India has 14 major languages ​​and
250 regional dialects that
come from 2 language families:
Dravidian in the south;
Indo-European in the north.

One of the oldest civilizations in the world was the Harappan, or proto-Indian civilization (3300-1300 BC)

City of Mohenjo-Daro
One of the oldest
civilizations of the world was
Harappan, or
Proto-Indian
civilization
(3300-1300 BC)
The level of civilization is evidenced by:
1. Developed agriculture (wheat, barley,
vegetables, rice, sugar cane, cotton;
irrigation systems similar to Egyptian ones);
built
2. Developed cattle breeding (they raised cows - a sacred
animal, buffaloes, tamed elephants);
3. Developed crafts (manufacturing of tools from copper and
bronze, pottery, construction, cotton fabrics,
shipbuilding)
Ceramics
3rd millennium BC e.
4. Developed trade (with Mesopotamia, Central Asia);
5. Developed writing (not deciphered);
priest figurine,
3rd millennium BC e.
Statuette
"dancers"
6.
Developed urban planning: in the Indus Valley arose
the great cities are Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. For
they are characterized by a combination of monumental architecture with
high level of improvement and comfort of houses
(urban water supply system - baths, sewerage,
toilets, a technical miracle - a swimming pool).
The city was a form of social integration;
7.
Organized institution of hereditary power, with
in which the priesthood acted as an intermediary between
deified by the political elite and society.

In the middle of the II millennium BC. northern India has become an arena of new ethnic interactions

In the middle of the II millennium BC. northern India has become an arena of new
ethnic interactions
Nomadic pastoral tribes
Aryans (Sanskrit -
"noble"),
coming from the north
settled in the valley
Ganga, pushing south
indigenous people -
Dravidians.
Lifestyle, mythology
and the language of the Aryans were
the core of the Indo-European
culture.
The Indo-Aryans worshiped the sun,
rain, sky, believed in
transmigration of souls and life
after death. However, they
gods - Varuna, Chandra,
Indra, Savitar - had
Old Persian
origin.

The Indo-Aryans created a new social structure of society - castes (jats), corresponding to the 4 main varnas (estates, translated from Sanskrit

Indo-Aryans created a new social structure of society - castes
(jats), corresponding to the 4 main varnas (estates, translated from
Sanskrit means "color, shape, appearance")
1. Brahmins (priests-priests and teachers) - the highest caste
societies ethnically from the Aryans;
2. Kshatriyas (warriors, rulers, nobles), ethnically from
Aryans;
3. Vaishi (artisans, peasants and merchants), consisted of
autochthonous Dravidian tribes;
4. Shudras (servants and workers) - the lowest caste.
A separate group - "untouchables" - a powerless layer from
people doing dirty work.
Belonging to Varna depended on the type of occupation, personal
qualities and inclinations. Degradation of the concept of the system of varnas
over time developed into a rigid caste system in which
belonging to Varna
passed down from generation to generation
is human discrimination.
The estate-caste system served civilizational interests:
provided a livelihood through agriculture
farms;
developed a specific socio-cultural model;
provided the benefits of Hinduism subduing others
religion.

The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts that store the knowledge of the ancient Aryans (translated from Sanskrit - "divine knowledge"), created in 2 thousand BC.

The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts containing the knowledge of the ancients.
Aryans (translated from Sanskrit - "divine knowledge"), created in 2 thousand BC
AD Knowledge about the gods, man and sacrifice that connects the world
earthly and divine;
Man's ideas about the world around him, space, ritual,
social structure, ethical values ​​and morality.
The Unified Knowledge is divided into 4 parts of the sacred books (Vedas):
– Rigveda - the beginning of Indian philosophy, considers
the problem of creating the world - the primary elements,
personified in the images of deities;
– Yajurveda - sacrificial formulas;
- Samaveda - tunes;
- Atharvaveda - spells.
The texts of the Vedas "Brahmins" - had
the right to study
explain and
pronounce only
the priests who became
call "brahmins"
(living gods).
Some concepts
The Vedas later moved to

The Upanishads are religious and philosophical texts of the 9th-5th centuries. BC, the doctrine of karma, the world spirit, the knowledge of the inner "I". Construction of texts

The Upanishads are religious and philosophical texts of the 9th-5th centuries. BC.,
the doctrine of karma, the world spirit, the knowledge of the inner "I". Building
texts is built on the basis of the transmission of sacred knowledge from teacher to
student (dialogues of sages with young men who comprehend the secrets of being)
Contents of the Upanishads:
1. The central theme is the idea of ​​the eternal "round dance" of birth and death...
rebirth - life - death - rebirth - life - death - ...
2. The doctrine of the transmigration of souls (reincarnation) involves rebirth
after the death of living beings. The eternal cycle between birth and death
called samsara.
3. The idea of ​​an ascetic escape from the world is due to the search for truth not "outside"
text or nature, but "inside" a person.
4. The leading place in philosophy is the search for ways to get rid of the eternal cycle.

In the VI century. BC. one of the 3 world religions - Buddhism. From IV BC - XII century. AD had the status of a state religion, influencing all

In the VI century. BC. one of the 3 world religions - Buddhism.
From IV BC - XII century. AD had the status of a state religion,
having an impact on everything in world civilizations
The main provisions of the teachings of Buddhism:
Buddhism is a philosophical and religious
doctrine, "atheistic religion";
Buddhism is an ethical teaching of the heart,
practical advice on
human self-improvement;
Buddha (“Enlightened One”) is not a name, but
state of consciousness, the highest degree of knowledge
superman. Physical body (lower self)
subject to the spiritual mind - enlightened
matter;
Buddha because of compassion for a person several times
Gautama Buddha Shakyamuni
came to earth:
97 Buddhas were elected to the 1st group,
in the 2nd group - 53 Buddhas.
Monk Prince Gautama was 27th in the group.
Buddha Shakyamuni (born 621 BC). founder of one of the 3 world
religions. Buddha does not interfere with karma
(a person is free to choose), but indicates the path
evolution of the human soul as the meaning of the
life.

Characteristic features of Buddhism

1. The main object of attention and value is not God, but
Human. The idea of ​​a savior god (Christ) is not compatible
with the universal law of Karma.
2. The goal is to achieve the state of "nirvana" - liberation or
salvation of man, exit from the circle of rebirths for
reincarnation into a pure spirit (or into a god).
3. Buddhism is the only bloodless religion that does not
dishonored herself by planting the faith with sword and fire.
4.
Achieving nirvana is possible subject to the "4
noble truths"
1) The truth about suffering: life is suffering (birth,
old age, sickness and death);
2) The truth about the cause of suffering: desire, even if it
sometimes leads to death;
3) Truth about cessation
desires and passions;
Among modern
Buddhist countries
includes Mongolia,
China, Japan,
North India,
Vietnam, Tibet, Russia
suffering:
elimination
4) The Truth of the Noble (Eightfold) Path
deliverance from suffering: right understanding, speech,
thinking, behavior, lifestyle, effort, focus
thoughts and concentration.
Gautama said: “Man creates himself and
your destiny." He should not beg with his forehead (money)
forgiveness from the gods, but is obliged to correct personal mistakes
efforts. Karma (fate) is a human Thought.

Cult monuments of Buddhism

(ser. III millennium BC - VI century.
AD)
Peculiarities
cultures:
folded
from
various
eras
stories,
customs,
traditions and ideas
as
invaders,
as well as immigrants;
wealth
diversity
religious and philosophical
and
conversion
to
universe
(secrets
universe) and inside
peace
human
(philosophy of yoga);
amazing
musicality
danceability;
and
special reverence
love
–
sensual
and
physical.

scientific knowledge
wise men
antiquities
covers
wide range
sciences: physics,
chemistry,
mathematics,
metallurgy,
biotechnology,
geology,
botany,
meteorology,
gemology,
the medicine
(created
Ayurveda - science
about life),
astronomy
(knew that the earth
revolves around
Sun), created
chess and abacus

The country
"Yellow Dragon"
20th century
The vast territory of China - from the deserts in the west,
forests with river valleys in the north and jungles in the south
- was favorable for the life of hominids (1.5 million years
back), and subsequently - Homo erectus (Sinanthropus).
The Chinese civilization arose in the 3rd millennium BC. in
basin of the Yellow River, where 3 dynasties ruled in turn:
Xia, Shang and Zhou. "Golden Age" of Ancient China
Dinas period is considered

slide 1

THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD PRESENTATION ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD. 10 cl. BASIC LEVEL SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH. [email protected]

slide 2

DESPOTIES OF THE EAST. PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

slide 3

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS. STATE, DESPOTIA, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRUS,

slide 4

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND B.C. BC. – THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. FLOWERING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC. THE PERIOD OF DECLINE - THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY - THE FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC - INCREASING THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

slide 5

PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IN THE NEOLITH PERIOD ALL THE MAIN ISSUES WERE RESOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOCIORS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WERE NOT BASED ON COercion BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. THE PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. THE BASIS FOR CREATING THE STATE WAS TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. IT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF POWER. THEORRY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE IS DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

slide 6

BACKGROUND OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE THE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATH, IND, HUANGHE. THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWAMPS AND DESERT HAVE INTERFERED THE CARRYING OUT OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORKS AND THEREFORE THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 - THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. UNIFIED STATE WITH CAPITAL AT MEMPHIS. MESOPOTAMIA - THE SUMERIAN TRIBES - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. A UNIFIED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD SARGON CREATED. AT THE TURN OF 3 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

Slide 7

SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES. SLAVE OWNERSHIP IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION, SLAVERY WAS PATRIARCHAL IN CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTURED SLAVES DRAFTLY INCREASED. THEIR WORK WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLE. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED "LIVING DEAD" THINK - WHY? DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS PASSED TO THE PHAROOH AND TEMPLE PROPERTY AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECOME SLAVES. COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECOME NEIGHBORHOOD: SHARING LAND PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT REMAINED.

Slide 8

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT. PHAROOH PRIESTS, GRANDS. OFFICIALS, ARMY PEASANTS, WORKSHOPS. TALKING TOOLS ARE SLAVES THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY OF THE PHAROOH, THE GOVERNORS CONTROL THE PROVINCE WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF THE MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHAROOH TO SISTERS.) PLAYED A BIG ROLE OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS.

Slide 9

CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS VARIOUS: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. PAPYRUS PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE GOD OF THE SUN - RA, THE FAVORITE GOD - OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS CARRIED OUT IN ORDER TO INVEST KA INTO THE MUMMY. THEREFORE THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

slide 10

MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THEREFORE, THE ORIGINATION OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. THE FIRST STATES APPEAR IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND. SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC POWER, LAWS AND TAXES. SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO KEEP OFFICIALS AND TROOPS. SLAVE OWNERSHIP STARTED TO DEVELOP AND THE SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WAS FREE COMMUNITIES. THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

slide 11

EXPANDING THE AREAL OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A DECLINE. NEW STATES ARE RISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLES IS INCREASING. RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE DESPOTIES OF ANCIENTITY. THE ANCIENT STATE LASTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND YEARS. FEATURES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF WORK. 3.KNOWLEDGE - BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE SPEECH OF SLAVES. 5. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAWS. 6. THE MAIN THREATS TO THE STABILITY OF THE ANCIENT DESPOTIES WERE PROVINCE SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL AUTHORITIES. FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: THE HYKSOS, THE LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS.

slide 12

MILITARY DESPOTIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DESPOTIES. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN THE LAND CRUSHED BY THE PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD AVAILABLES. STATES ARE APPEARING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND CONQUERING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTIES. THE MORE LANDS A MILITARY DESPOTIA CONTROL, THE MORE RESOURCES WAS AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE FALSE BECAUSE OF THEIR DIVERSITY. FIRST MILITARY DESPOTIES: URARTU, HITTIES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. BC SHE FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN.

slide 13

ANCIENT INDIA IN 3 - 4 C BC MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYAN EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 C BC AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTIES: 1. EXTENSIVE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (CASTA): BRAHMINS, KSHATRIAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARN SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO A LOT OF SMALL SEGMENTS NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUERATION, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE THE EMPIRES WERE FALSE.

slide 14

CHINA IN THE ANCIENT ERA. CHINA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS OWN PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS ARE GOING ON BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND THE HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE LINE 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGTI IS CONSIDERED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. CO 2 IN BC BY 3 C.E. - THE EMPIRE OF HAN. THE PECULIARITY OF CHINA WAS IN THAT: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATERD BY SEPARATISM. 2. ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE. THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION. 2. LAND IN THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEODAL lords. BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PEOPLE'S UPRISINGS.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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THE TIME OF THE FIRST STATES THE TIME OF THE FIRST STATES The period of the early Ancient World The period of the late Ancient World The emergence of the first State formations IV millennium BC. II millennium BC I millennium BC The heyday of the ancient states The decline of the first states. Rise of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

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WHAT THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE MEANED WHAT WAS IN THE PRIMARY SOCIETY Issues of the life of the tribe were decided directly by its members. The role of leaders, sorcerers was limited. Society consisting of equal members. Customs and traditions Belief WHAT APPEARED IN THE ANCIENT STATE A new group of people is emerging - Officials, judges, military men, personifying power and acting on its behalf. A Society Consisting of the Ruled and the Governing Law enforced by the armed force. Compulsion

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WHERE THE FIRST STATES AROUND THE FIRST public entities developed in the subtropics, in the valleys of such rivers as the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, Huang He. The abundance of moisture and soil fertility made it possible to obtain several crops a year, which made it possible to maintain the army and the state apparatus at the expense of surplus products.

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REASONS FOR THE ORIGINATION OF STATES The need for the organization of large-scale works on irrigation of lands. The interest of the wealthy tribal elite in strengthening their power and protecting wealth from poor fellow tribesmen The need for protection from external enemies The need to keep subjugated tribes in obedience, enslaved

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SLAVE-OWNING RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES The states of the Ancient World were slave-owning. At a certain stage in the development of society (when the development of technology ensured that the worker produced a larger volume of products than he himself needed to sustain life), prisoners of war who had previously been killed began to be deprived of their liberty and forced to do hard work for the owner. People deprived of their freedom and turned into the property of the master became slaves. Later, other sources of slavery appeared.

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WHY DID PEOPLE BECOME SLAVES? SOURCES OF SLAVERY DESERTION (ESCAPE FROM THE ARMY) WARS (Capture of Prisoners) PIRACY CHILDREN OF SLAVES DEPENDENT SLAVERY (FOR SEVERE CRIMES)

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DATES OF FORMATION OF SOME ANCIENT STATES NAME OF THE STATE DATE OF ORIGIN Ancient Egypt IV thousand. BC e. Ancient Greece III millennium BC. e. City-states in Mesopotamia 30th century BC e. Kingdom of Akkad in Mesopotamia XXIV century BC. e. Ancient India At the turn of the III-II millennium BC. Ancient China Phenicia Assyrian kingdom XIX century BC. e. Babylonian kingdom Beginning of the II millennium Ancient Rome VIII century BC e. Persia 6th century BC e. Empire of Alexander the Great IV century BC. e.

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THE DURATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE ANCIENT STATES Some ancient states existed for quite a long time. For example, the Egyptian state existed for more than 2,000 years. But there were cases when in the same territory for a relatively short time several states were replaced one after another. Consider this phenomenon on the example of the states located in Mesopotamia.

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CITY-STATES IN MESOPOTAMIA (Interfluves) At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. in Mesopotamia (the so-called place between the two rivers: the Tigris and the Euphrates) there were about a dozen city-states. Surrounding, small villages were subordinate to the center, headed by the ruler, who was sometimes both a commander and a high priest. A centralized state was formed here in the XXXIV century BC. Euphrates Tigris

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FOUNDER OF THE FIRST CENTRALIZED STATE IN MESOPOTAMIA. Subsequently, Sargon conquered the neighboring city-states, paid attention to the development of irrigation, improved roads, introduced a unified system of measures and weights in the territory subject to Akkad, and sought to merge temple households with the royal one. After the death of Sargon, his sons ruled: Rimush and then Manishtushu. The Sargon dynasty reigned for 150 years. The founder of the first centralized state (the kingdom of Akkad) was Sargon the Magnificent. He ruled for 55 years (2316-2261 BC). The real name of Sargon is unknown, the name he adopted upon accession to the throne means "the king is true." Sargon - a native of the lower classes, he was an entourage or servant-cup-bearer of the king in the city of Kish. His hometown was destroyed by the king of the city of Sumer. Then Sargon proclaimed himself king of Akkad.

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Mesopotamia in the II - III millennium BC Assyrian kingdom In the VI century BC. Babylonian kingdom in the 2nd century BC Self-governing province of Babylon Babylon The history of the creation of ancient states in the territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has several stages: 1. Initially, Sumerian city-states existed on this territory. 2. Then there was centralized state Kingdom of Akkad. 3. The territory was captured by the Assyrians and the Assyrian kingdom was formed. 4. The Babylonian kingdom was created.

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CREATOR OF THE WORLD'S FIRST CODE OF LAWS The rise of Babylon is associated with the reign of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). Hammurabi was a skilled politician and commander. He entered world history as the creator of the first code of laws, which was written down on a huge stone slab The Code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, it was there that the principle was formulated: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." This set of laws contained provisions that later became part of the biblical commandments: “do not kill”, “do not steal.” Also, the Babylonian civilization is an important source of biblical legends.

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Phoenicia Phoenicia is an ancient country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (the coastline of modern Lebanon and Syria). According to legend, the Phoenicians came here from the shores of the Erythrean Sea (apparently, the Indian Ocean); however, some ancient Phoenician authors considered the Phoenicians to be the original inhabitants of Phoenicia. Probably already in 5-4 thousand BC. e. The Phoenicians founded settlements on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which gradually grew into large craft and port centers: Sidon, Tire, Byblos, etc. In the 2nd millennium, Phoenicia was an association of city-states that owned an agricultural territory on which the vast majority of the population lived.

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PHOENICIANS - SEAVERS The Phoenician civilization at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. enters its heyday. Phenicia, by virtue of its convenient geographical location owned the sea routes in the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians were the first to reach the Pillars of Hercules (as the Strait of Gibraltar was called in ancient times). The courage of the Phoenician sailors amazed the imagination of contemporaries. Thirst for profit and curiosity prompted the sailors of Tire and Sidon to long and dangerous voyages in the Atlantic. Along the Mediterranean coast, they founded many colonies, including Carthage. Phoenician shipbuilders were the first to build sailing merchant ships with a large capacity (up to 250 tons of cargo and more than 30 meters in length). Strait of Gibraltar Phoenicia Carthage

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Decline of Phoenicia in the 8th century BC. e. Phoenicia was captured by Assyria. The Phoenician cities were more likely to pay tribute to the mainland states, provided that they would not interfere with their trade, rather than lead long wars for independence. In 332 BC. e. Phenicia was captured by Alexander the Great. In the Roman era, Phenicia became part of the province of Syria. The Phoenicians left a huge mark on world culture. The alphabetic writing invented by the Phoenicians subsequently spread widely around the world, and now most of the peoples of the world use alphabets derived from the first - Phoenician.

17 slide

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MAIN CAUSES OF THE DEATH OF ANCIENT STATES Separatism of individual provinces. The struggle of the nobility for supreme power Conflicts between secular and spiritual rulers. 4. External intrusions

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REASONS FOR THE APPEARANCE OF STATES OF A NEW TYPE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC States of a new type (military despotism) appeared as a result of changes in the life of society with the onset of the Iron Age: Iron tools appeared. The productivity of farmers has increased. Farmers began to oust neighboring pastoral tribes from pastures. Expanding agricultural territories had to be protected from nomads. It was necessary to constantly wage war for the purpose of expansion (forcible annexation of lands). The farmers had a surplus of products, due to which (in the form of taxes) they could support the army and the state apparatus.

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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE ANCIENT STATES IN THE PERIOD OF EARLY ANTIQUITY (UP TO THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1st MILLENNIUM BC) IN THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY Strengthening the power of the tribal elite and protecting their wealth Protection of the territory from external enemies. Protection from nomads of constantly expanding agricultural territories. Organization of large-scale works on irrigation of lands. Constant warfare with the aim of expanding the forcible annexation of lands. Keeping subjugated tribes enslaved

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FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT EGYPT One of the most ancient and powerful states of the Ancient World is Egypt. The supreme power in Egypt belonged to the pharaoh, who was considered a living god. The governors of the pharaoh in the provinces were most often his relatives. In Egypt, the traditions of matriarchy were strong, even the right to the throne was transferred through the female line. Great was the influence of the priests, who were not only worshipers, but also the keepers of knowledge. The construction of the pyramids and the conduct of irrigation works required precise mathematical calculations. Peasants, artisans Officials, troops Priests, nobles Pharaoh "Speaking tools" - slaves Social structure ancient egypt

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FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT INDIA public relations. Even in the packs of the tribal system, a rigid system of inheritance of professions developed there. The society was divided into varnas - closed groups of people. Marriages between representatives of different varnas, Transitions from one varna to another were not allowed. With the advent of new professions at the beginning of a new era, the Varnas were divided into castes (there were more than 100) of artisans, merchants, farmers, etc. The caste system was abolished only in the 20th century. Shudras (captives and their descendants) Vaishyas (ordinary community members) Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warrior leaders)

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THREE STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT CHINA I-II millennium BC. e. Many small states, the most influential of which was Western Zhou. The head of state - van (emperor) - was considered the son of Heaven, standing between gods and people. The land belonged to the state, to which farmers paid taxes VIII century BC. e. There are 7 major rival states. The most powerful of them, the Qin Empire, unites the whole country for a while. It was then that, by order of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, the Great Wall of China was built in the 2nd century BC in order to protect against nomads. e. - 3rd century AD e. Supremacy in China passes to the Han Empire. Aggressive campaigns in Korea and Vietnam begin. All hereditary titles were abolished, the purchase and sale of land was prohibited. The maximum size of land holdings and the number of slaves was limited. The state tried to regulate the prices of goods in the markets

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RELIGIOUS TRENDS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD With the onset of the Iron Age and the improvement of tools, the degree of man's dependence on nature decreased. This changed the function of religion. People stopped deifying the forces of nature, but the mystery of death still remained a mystery to man. This contributed to the emergence of new religions: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism. A common feature of these religious movements: life path a person is regarded as a kind of test, and whoever passes it with dignity will receive a reward after death. New religions made the fate of man dependent on his actions.

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MAIN IDEAS OF ZOROASTRA'S DOCTRINE The founder of Zoroastrianism was Zoroaster (Zarathushtra), who lived in Iran. The essence of his teaching is that in the world there is a war between Good and Evil. Man is a product of the forces of Good, but he, having the freedom of choice, can follow the path of Evil - those who choose this path will be doomed to eternal torment in hell. People who embark on the path of good will find themselves in paradise. Zarathustra believed that someday the forces of Good would win, and an ideal kingdom would come on earth. Zoroastrianism was widespread among Iranian tribes in the 3rd–7th centuries. “Tell me, Teacher,” once his faithful disciple addressed Zarathustra. - What is more in this life - good or evil? “Life is the rim of a cart wheel,” replied Zarathustra. “There’s just enough in it, otherwise it wouldn’t budge.

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MAIN IDEAS OF THE DOCTRINE OF CONFUCIUS Confucianism is rather not a religion, but a system of moral and ethical norms. These norms were developed by the Chinese thinker Confucius. According to Confucius, the state is big family in which the elders (that is, the authorities) should take care of the people. Many followers of the teachings of Confucius believe that the people have the right to revolt if the government infringes on their rights. WHAT CONFUCIUS TEACHED A person who made a mistake and did not correct it made another mistake. In a country that is well-ruled, poverty is ashamed. In a country that is badly ruled, wealth is ashamed. Learning without meditation is useless, but thinking without learning is dangerous.

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BASIC IDEAS OF THE DOCTRINE OF BUDDHISM Siddharti Gaudman is considered the founder of Buddhism. At the heart of his teaching is the concept of karma (retribution). The essence of the teaching: after the death of a person, a rebirth awaits, the form of which depends on what deeds the person did in this and previous lives: he can turn into an insect or become a child in a prosperous family. The achievement of absolute righteousness leads to eternal peace and bliss - nirvana. Buddhism spread in Japan, India, China, Korea in the I-II centuries. WHAT THE BUDDHA TEACHES There is no happiness equal to peace. No one saves us, except ourselves, no one has the right and no one is able to do this. We ourselves must tread the path, but the words of the Buddha will clearly indicate it.

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MAIN IDEAS OF JUDAISM DOCTRINE Judaism originated in the X-VII centuries BC. e. in the Hebrew state of Palestine. It is based on faith in the one God Yahweh, who promised salvation to the chosen people of Israel if they lead a righteous life, keep the covenants set forth in the Old Testament. According to the teachings of Judaism, the day of the Last Judgment will come, and then everyone will receive what they deserve for their sins, and the righteous will gain eternal life. The main commandments of Judaism, according to legend, were transmitted by God through Moses. They contain religious injunctions: not to worship other gods; not mentioning the name of God is in vain. Contained in the commandments and moral norms: honor your father and mother; don't kill; do not steal; do not commit adultery; do not give false testimony; covet nothing that your neighbor has.

SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH.

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DESPOTIES OF THE EAST

• PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE.
• SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES.
• CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

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BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS

STATE, DESPOTIA, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRUS.

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PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

THE TIME FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS:

• THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND B.C. BC. – THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS.
• FLOWERING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC.
• THE PERIOD OF DECLINE - THE PERIOD OF LATE ANTIQUITY - THE FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND B.C. BC - INCREASING THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

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PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE

• NEOLITHIC PERIOD:
• ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE RESOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. THE AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOCIORS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WERE NOT BASED ON COercion BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY.

THE PERIOD OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE:

THE BASIS FOR CREATING THE STATE WAS TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. IT INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPLICATION OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

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FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATH, IND, HUANGHE.

THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWAMPS AND DESERT HAVE INTERFERED THE CARRYING OUT OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORKS AND THEREFORE THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE.

1.B 4 - THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. UNIFIED STATE WITH CAPITAL AT MEMPHIS.

MESOPOTAMIA - THE SUMERIAN TRIBES - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. A UNIFIED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD SARGON CREATED.

AT THE TURN OF 3 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

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SLAVE OWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE ANCIENT STATES

SLAVERY:

• IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION, SLAVERY WAS PATRIARCHAL IN CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTURED SLAVES DRAFTLY INCREASED. THEIR WORK WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLE. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED "LIVING DEAD"

THINK - WHY?

DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS PASSED TO THE PHAROOH AND TEMPLE PROPERTY AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECOME SLAVES.

COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECOME NEIGHBORHOOD: SHARING LAND PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT REMAINED.

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT

• PHAROOH
• PRIESTS, GREATS
• OFFICIALS, TROOPS
• PEASANTS, artisans
• TALKING TOOLS - SLAVES

THE PHAROOH IS THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY, THE GOVERNORS CONTROL THE PROVINCE AND WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHAROOH TO SISTERS) ARE STRONG. OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS PLAYED A BIG ROLE.

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CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT

THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS VARIOUS: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF HUGE IMPORTANCE. PAPYRUS PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION.

ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN BELIEFS, MAN CONSISTED OF THE BODY (HET), SHADOW (HIBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN THE AFTER LIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. GOD OF THE SUN - RA,

BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. THE MOST COMPLEX PROCEDURE OF EMBALMING WAS USED IN ORDER TO INVEST IN THE MUMMY. THEREFORE THE PRESERVATION OF THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS

• THEREFORE, THE ORIGINATION OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. THE FIRST STATES APPEAR IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND.
• SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC POWER, LAWS AND TAXES. SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO KEEP OFFICIALS AND TROOPS. SLAVE OWNERSHIP STARTED TO DEVELOP AND THE SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WAS FREE COMMUNITIES.
• THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

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EXPANDING THE AREAS OF CIVILIZATION

IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A DECLINE. NEW STATES ARE RISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLES IS INCREASING.

RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTIES:

THE ANCIENT STATE LASTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND YEARS. FEATURES OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT:

1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE.
2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF TOOLS OF WORK.
3.KNOWLEDGE - BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE.
4. RARE SPEECH OF SLAVES.
5. OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAWS.
6. THE MAIN THREATS TO THE STABILITY OF THE ANCIENT DESPOTIES WERE PROVINCE SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL AUTHORITIES.

FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: THE HYKSOS, THE LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS.

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MILITARY DESPOTIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

MILITARY DESPOTIES:

• WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN THE LAND CRUSHED BY THE PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD AVAILABLES. STATES ARE APPEARING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH ARE PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND CONQUERING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTIES.

THE MORE LANDS A MILITARY DESPOTIA CONTROL, THE MORE RESOURCES WAS AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE FALSE BECAUSE OF THEIR DIVERSITY.

FIRST MILITARY DESPOTIES: URARTU, HITTIES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. BC SHE FALLED UNDER THE BEATS OF ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN.

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ANCIENT INDIA

IN 3 - 4 B.C. THE MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYAN EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 C. B.C. AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTIES:

1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY.
2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (CASTA): BRAHMINS, KSHATRIAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARIANS WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION.

THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED SOCIETY INTO A LOT OF SMALL SEGMENTS NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUERATION, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE THE EMPIRES WERE FALSE.

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CHINA IN THE ERA OF ANCIENT

• THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS OWN PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION ASSOCIATIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND THE HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE LINE 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANGTI IS CONSIDERED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA.

CO 2 IN BC BY 3 C.E. - THE EMPIRE OF HAN.

THE PECULIARITY OF CHINA WAS IN THAT:

1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY IS THREATTENED BY SEPARATISM.
2. ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE.

THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED:

1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION.
2. LAND IN THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW.
3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEODAL lords.

BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PEOPLE'S UPRISINGS.

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NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE

WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, MAN'S DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED.

• THE FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE HAS OCCURRED. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM, Confucianism, JUDAISM. THE COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE WAY OF A MAN ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH.

THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROASTRISM IN THE FIGHT OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A MAN MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM

THE BASIC IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (RETUNEMENT) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA.

Confucianism is not a religion but a system of moral standards. CONFUCIUS STATED THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY AND THE EMPEROR IS A FATHER.

JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 B.C.- BELIEF IN ONE GOD WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT.

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS

• THE EARLY DESPOTIES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE FORMATIONS: MILITARY DESPOTIES. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE BECAUSE THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW ARABLE LAND. ALL THIS DEMANDED NEW CONQUERIOUS CAMPAIGNS.
• IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTIES IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND PECULIARITIES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LISTED IN THEIR FLEXIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, CHINA WERE ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE POWER OF SEPARATISM KNOWLEDGE.
• THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKEN THE RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISING, THE MAIN PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO ENSURE A BETTER FATE OF HUMANS AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM. Confucianism is rather a moral code of norms of a person and a state.

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SOURCES

• ZAGLADIN N.V. THE WORLD HISTORY. HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY: TEXTBOOK FOR 10 GRADE. – 7th ED. - M. : TID "RUSSIAN WORD - RS", 2007. CHAPTER 3.

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