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Linguistic features of English newspapers - Coursework, section Linguistics, - 2002 - Possibilities of using newspaper text in studying the language and culture of English-speaking countries. Language Features of English Newspapers. The Language Of The Newspaper Is Undoubtedly Defined ...

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Possibilities of using newspaper text when studying the language and culture of English-speaking countries

List of literature used. Introduction. This course work is an overview of the possibilities of using newspaper text in the study .. The purpose of this work is to highlight the main features of newspapers .. In the context of expanding contacts and integrating into the world community, background knowledge and ideas about political ..

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The relevance of using newspaper articles in conversation classes
The relevance of using newspaper articles in conversational practice classes. At the present stage of teaching a foreign language, there is a need to study not only the language itself, but also

Periodicals from English-speaking countries
Periodicals printed in English-speaking countries. Newspapers in the UK There are approximately 120 daily newspapers published in the UK, six times a week, except for Sundays and Sunday papers.

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The language of the newspaper, of course, has a certain specificity that distinguishes it from the language of fiction or scientific literature, from colloquial speech. This is the result of a long-term selection of linguistic expressive means that are most appropriate for the social task that the newspaper performs as the main mass media. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible is reflected both in the nature of communicative tasks and in their speech embodiment. The newspaper is designed for a diverse and numerous circle of readers and should attract attention. The reader does not want to spend a lot of time reading a non-special mass newspaper, so the newspaper information is organized in such a way that the message is transmitted concisely in order to have a certain emotional impact on the reader. And due to the fact that the original informational function of the newspaper is increasingly being pushed aside by another - influencing, the style of the language of the newspaper is increasingly turning into a kind of journalistic style. But the special conditions for issuing a newspaper - the short deadlines for preparing the material, which do not allow it to be carefully worked out stylistically, the repetition of topics and the limited range of topics - lead to the fact that the journalistic style in the newspaper is often simplified, standardized, and undergoes a certain lexical decline. And the presence of a standard gives rise to newspaper stamps, so characteristic of newspaper speech. The language of newspaper reports, which has historically developed in the system of the English literary ~ language, has a number of common features that change from era to era, as well as many particular features inherent in individual newspaper genres and publications. But no matter how heterogeneous the system of language means used in different newspaper genres, the newspaper style still stands out among other styles of speech with a number of significant common features. Newspaper reports, as a rule, are prepared and read quickly, so it is convenient for both the journalist and the reader to use repetitive vocabulary, which gradually

turns into newspaper stamps, or clichés. Thus, one of the features of the newspaper style is the presence of repetitive words and phrases. Many of them can be found not only in the newspaper, but also in other styles of speech, but the probability of the appearance of one or another stamp in them is different. For example, the expressions a champion of peace, cold war, vital issue, a policy of non-alignment, general disarmament, nuclear free zone, arms race and many others are more likely to be found in a newspaper than in a work of art.

Neologisms

As you know, neologisms are words and phrases created to denote new concepts of a political, scientific or common nature, formed according to the word-formation models and laws in force in the language or borrowed from other languages. In terms of their structure and method of formation, neologisms in the language of the newspaper are represented by several options. The most characteristic ways of forming neologisms in the language of an English newspaper are word formation (composition, affixation, conversion, abbreviations), changing the meanings of words and borrowing from other languages. Each of them has its own characteristics, so they should be analyzed separately.

1. Word formation.

Compounding as a type of word formation is a fusion of two or more bases to form a new word. For English compound words, the most frequent are formations consisting of two stems. Recently, a large number of nouns have appeared in the language of English and especially American newspapers, formed by the conversion method of compounding from combinations of a verb and an adverb. In some of them, there is a clear repeatability of the second component, which in some cases suggests that there is a certain relationship between the model and its value. Therefore, it is often possible to predict the meaning (or range of meaning) of each new word formed according to a given model. But often such predictions cannot be made for the entire group, which makes it difficult to understand a new word. Examples of words of this type are: stay-in -- picketing; ride-in protests against discrimination against African Americans on buses; fish-in - a protest against the restriction of the territory of fishing by the American Indians; apply-in -- requirement for equal employment opportunities; sit-in -- Electricians sitting in on two North Sea oil platforms were flown oft by.

Recently, nouns with the -in component have begun to appear in the language of the press, united by the common meaning of competition, competition, competition, tournament, conference: read-in - competition of readers; recite-in -- competition of reciters; sail-in -- a regatta, for example: Illegal break-ins for purposes of planting listening devices and stealing documents.

Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another, leading to the formation of a new word without changing its initial form. This is another source of neologisms in English. Formed by conversion, they are widespread in newspaper vocabulary. The high frequency of words formed by conversion is one of the distinguishing features of the newspaper style. Most often these are verbs formed from nouns, and nouns formed from verbs. It is appropriate to note that in the newly formed word, meanings often develop that are only indirectly related to the base word. For example, in the pair to hit -- a hit one can observe an interesting development of the meaning in the noun. As a result of a number of transfers and rethinking of the meaning, a hit has come to mean success or something that has success. In newspaper vocabulary, especially in that part of it that relates to political events, advertising, partially substantiated words are often found - this is a kind of conversion in which the word acquires only some features of a noun, for example, an article or a plural form. For example: the unemployed

unemployed; the needy - the needy; casuals - comfortable shoes for every day;

Abbreviation is another type of word formation, which is also a source of neologisms. The abundance of abbreviated words, especially often found in headlines, is a characteristic feature of the language of the newspaper. It should be noted that if abbreviations became widespread in the XX century in all European languages, then in English they are especially numerous.

2. Changing the meanings of words.

Another way to form neologisms in the language of a newspaper is to change the meanings of words. It is associated with a change in the valence bonds of words or the possibility of their use in different contexts. Since newspaper reports are aimed at the mass reader, the change in the meanings of words is often based on the norms of colloquial speech, and these words are used in a figurative, often hyperbolic sense. The development of the meaning of the word lobby and its derivatives is interesting. Its first meaning is the hallway. Back in the last century, lobby began to be used as a political term for the parliamentary lobby. In the United States, this term began to be used to refer to a person who “processes” members of Congress in favor of adopting a bill that the boss needs. Later, a new noun lobbyist was formed from it with the meaning of a person who, on the political sidelines, collects information for his master and secretly pursues his policy. It soon found its way into newspaper political vocabulary in Great Britain, but here its meaning was ennobled. It began to designate a journalist who has the right to priority in the publication of materials about the activities of the parliament. At present

time, a new meaning develops in the word lobby - an appeal to parliament or to another state body with some kind of demand. This meaning has also been transferred to the verb to lobby, formed by conversion. For example: The marchers" route took them past the Department of Education and Science offices and the greater London Council offices, where a large force of police barred the marchers from actually passing the main entrance and a group waiting to lobby councilors.

3. Borrowing from other languages.

The third way neologisms appear in a newspaper is borrowing from another language. Such words are gradually acquired by the language due to repeated repetition. Their appearance is caused by various reasons. For example, the French detente (relaxation of international tension), which is now often used in the British and American press, appeared as a result of the peace-loving policy of the Soviet Union, which proclaimed the easing of international tension by maintaining peace throughout the world. The German Blitzkrieg (blitzkrieg, lightning war) became commonplace after the failure of the Nazi plans<молниеносной>war. Examples of borrowed words can also be given: tycoon (Japanese "prince>) is used in the meaning of an industrial magnate, bigwig; pundit (from the Hindi language, where it means a Hindu who knows Sanskrit, philosophy, jurisprudence) entered the language of the press through Time magazine with the meaning of a wise man; the German words Luftwaffe (fascist air force) and Putsch (coup, coup); Russian nyet ^<нет>) to indicate the negative attitude of the Soviet Union towards the militaristic and neo-colonialist policies of the reactionary governments, etc.

Newspaper stamps

As noted above, in order to speed up and simplify the reading and understanding of the newspaper text as much as possible, the language of newspaper reports uses words and phrases that are repeated from issue to issue.

They constitute a kind of newspaper style terminology and, in fact, are newspaper stamps, or clichés. They, like nothing else, reflect the traditional manner of presenting material in newspaper articles, for example: cold war propaganda, war hysteria, well-informed sources, danger of war, economic difficulties, overwhelming majority, peaceful coexistence, etc. Cliches are necessary in newspaper style, because they evoke instant necessary associations and do not allow ambiguity. Newspaper stamps can be divided into two groups:

a) phrases that are always used in the same composition;
b) phrases that allow variability of the composition.

The first group is represented by a wide variety of structures.

AN (adjective + noun) - international relations - international relations; international tension -- international tension; orbital station -- orbital station; joint research -- joint research; peaceful means -- peaceful means; legitimate interests big business big business.

V (A) N (verb + noun) - to strengthen peace - to strengthen the world; to ban nuclear tests -- ban nuclear tests; to stop the arms race -- stop (stop) the arms race; to maintain peace--to maintain peace; to have priority - take advantage, priority.

NN (noun + noun) - arms race - arms race; blanket ban - a general, indiscriminate ban.

VprepN (verb + preposition + noun) - to be in effect - to be in action; to sit in the cabinet - to be a member of the government.

complaint -- complaint; to lodge a complaint, to register a complaint - to file a protest, a complaint; notice-- notice of dismissal; to give notice -- warn about dismissal; to give a short notice - warn shortly before dismissal; without notice -- dismiss without notice; to give 90 days notice -- 90 days notice of dismissal; to receive a lay-off notice -- receive a lay-off notice.

Combinations with adjectives - vital -- issue, interest, importance, field, gap, effect; major--area, part, break-through, result, field, progress, problem, source of employment, source of information; part-time (full-time) -- worker, employment, pay; racial -- policy, discrimination, hatred, tension.

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Functional style is a subsystem of a language that has individual characteristics in terms of lexical means, syntactic constructions, and even phonetics. The emergence and existence of styles is associated with the conditions of communication in various spheres of human life.

Styles differ not only in fact, but also in the frequency of use of the elements listed above. For example, some expressions may be present in conversational style, but less likely than in scientific style.

Classifying styles is a very difficult task. Let us turn to the opinion of I. V. Arnold and I. R. Galperin. So, Galperin considers functional styles as properties of the written language, thereby excluding the colloquial style.

Both scholars agree that each functional style can be recognized by one or more key features. At the same time, Galperin pays more attention to the coordination of linguistic means and stylistic devices, while Arnold connects the features of each style with the peculiarities of its use in the field of communication.

According to Galperin, the functional style of a language is a system of interrelated linguistic means that serves a specific purpose in human communication. Functional style should be considered as a product of a specific task set by the author of the message.

Functional styles are present mainly in the literary standard of the language. They are different kinds of abstract invariant and may deviate from or even contradict it.

Each functional style is a relatively stable system at a particular stage in the development of a literary language, but it can undergo significant changes from period to period. Thus, functional style is a historical category.

For example, in the 17th century, it was believed that not all words can be used in poetry, and that there is a separate poetic style. Later, in the 19th century, romanticism rejected the norms of poetic style and introduced new vocabulary into poetry.

The development of each style is predetermined by changes in the norms of standard English. It is also greatly influenced by changing social conditions, scientific progress and the development of cultural life.

Each functional style is characterized by a special use of linguistic means and, thus, establishes its own norms, which, however, are subject to the invariant of the norm and do not violate the general literary norm. Writers of a particular period of the literary language make a great contribution to the establishment of a system of norms of this period.

It should be noted that the studies of the language norms of this period are largely based on literary works. A conscious choice of style and a way of handling the selected elements are the main features of an individual style.

Individual style

An individual style is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices that are characteristic of a given author and make the works or even statements of this author easily recognizable. (Galperin, p. 17)

The individual style is based on a thorough knowledge of the modern language and allows some reasonable deviations from strict norms. Individual style is an object of study of stylistics, since it uses the potential of linguistic means.

Each author has a specific individual manner of using language tools to achieve the desired effect. The author makes a conscious choice of language means. This process must be distinguished from the idiolect - language features that appear in the everyday speech of a person.

Style classification

neutral style

The term "neutral style" is used mainly to indicate the basis for the implementation of the features of stylistically colored elements. The neutral style is characterized by the absence of stylistic coloring and a high probability of being used in any communicative situation. This is a deliberately simplified style.

Conversational style

While the neutral style is acceptable in any communicative situation, the conversational style is characteristic of a situation of spontaneous everyday (informal) communication.

This division does not coincide with the division into oral and written speech, since the colloquial style can also be used in fiction, and some types of book style, for example, oratorical, exist only in oral form. At the same time, it must be remembered that colloquial speech in literature undergoes certain transformations: the writer, as a rule, compresses linguistic information, choosing typical elements and avoiding random ones.

The conversational style is subdivided into high conversational, regular conversational, and low conversational. The last two have their own features, depending on the place of residence, gender and age of the speaker.

book style

Book style covers scientific, official business, journalistic (newspaper), oratorical and poetic styles.

Arnold belongs to a group of scientists who deny the existence of an artistic style. Her opinion is that each literary work is an example of an individual author's speech and, thus, follows its own standards. In one work, authors often combine different styles.

Arnold introduces the concept of language function for various styles. Intellectual-communicative function is associated with the transfer of intellectual content. Voluntary function refers to the impact on the will and consciousness of the listener or reader.

	Intellectual and communicative	Voluntary	emotive	Contact-establishing	aesthetic
Oratorical	+	+	+	+	+
Colloquial	+	+	+	+	-
Poetic	+	-	+	-	+
Journalistic and newspaper	+	+	+	-	-
Official business	+	+	-	-	-
Scientific	+	-	-	-	-

Given the fact that functional style is a historical category, Arnold expresses doubt that there is a separate poetic style in modern English. As can be seen from the table, oratory and scientific styles are opposite to each other in that the first has all the functions of the language, while the second has only one.

There are no strict boundaries separating one style from another. The oratorical style has many features in common with the journalistic style. Publicistic newspaper style is close to colloquial. However, if we consider this problem more deeply, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with a combination of different styles in the speech of a particular person, since each style is characterized by specific parameters of vocabulary and syntax.

Art style

According to I. R. Galperin, this term combines three sub-styles: the language of poetry, the language of emotive (artistic) prose and the language of drama. Each of these sub-styles has both common features for all three and individual ones. The common features of these substyles are as follows:

Aesthetic-cognitive function

It provides a gradual disclosure of the intention to the reader and at the same time gives him a sense of satisfaction because he can penetrate the author's intention and form his own conclusions.

Certain linguistic features:

Original non-template images created by purely linguistic means.
The use of words in various senses, strongly dependent on the lexical environment (context).
Vocabulary, which, to a certain extent, reflects the author's personal assessment of events or phenomena.
Special individual choice of vocabulary and syntax.
The introduction of features inherent in the spoken language. This applies most to drama, to a lesser extent to prose, and least to poetry.

Artistic style is inherently individual. This is one of its main characteristics.

The language of poetry

The language of poetry is characterized by an orderly form, based primarily on the rhythmic and phonetic construction of phrases. The rhythmic aspect determines the syntactic and semantic features.

The restrictions imposed by style lead to brevity of expressions, the epigrammatic nature of phrases and the creation of fresh, unexpected images. Syntactically, this brevity is expressed in elliptical sentences, isolated constructions, inversion, etc.

emotive prose

Emotive prose has the same general features, but the relationship of these features is different than in poetry. The imagery of prose is less rich, the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high. Emotive prose combines the literary version of the language with the colloquial one both in vocabulary and in syntax.

But the spoken language in the artistic style is not just a reproduction of natural speech, the author subjects it to processing and makes it "literary".

In emotive prose, there are always two forms of communication - monologue (author's speech) and dialogue (characters' speech). Emotive prose allows elements of other styles to be used, but all of these styles are influenced to some extent by emotive prose. Fragments written in other styles can only be considered as interpolation of those styles, but not like their samples.

The Language of Drama

The language of drama consists entirely of dialogue. The author's speech is practically absent, with the exception of remarks and stage directions. But the speech of the characters does not exactly reproduce the norms of the spoken language. Any kind of artistic style uses the norms of the literary language of a given period. The language of the plays is always stylized and retains the norms of literary English.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style became a separate language style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two oral varieties, namely: the oratorical sub-style and the sub-style of radio and television narration. Written substyles are essays (philosophical, literary, moral) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic).

The general goal of a journalistic style is to influence public opinion, to convince the reader or listener that the interpretation given by the author is the only correct one, and to encourage him to accept the stated point of view.

The journalistic style is characterized by a clear and logical syntactic structure with extensive use of connecting words and careful paragraphing. The power of emotional appeal is achieved by using emotionally charged words.

Stylistic devices tend to be traditional and the individual element is not too obvious. The journalistic style is also characterized by brevity of expressions, sometimes this becomes its main feature.

Oratory style

Oratory style is an oral subcategory of journalistic style. Direct contact with listeners makes it possible to use a combination of syntactic, lexical and phonetic features of both written and oral speech. Typical features of this style are a direct appeal to the public; sometimes - the use of contractions and colloquial words.

The stylistic devices used in the oratorical style are determined by the communicative situation. Since the audience relies only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetition so that listeners can follow the main points of his speech.

The speaker often uses analogies and metaphors, but, as a rule, traditional ones, since individual stylistic devices would be difficult to perceive.

Essay

An essay is more of a personal reflection than a complete statement of arguments or a comprehensive study of an issue. The characteristic linguistic features of the essay are: conciseness; speech in the first person singular; rather extensive use of connecting words; frequent use of emotional vocabulary; use of analogies and stable metaphors.

The language of journalistic articles largely depends on the nature of the newspaper or magazine, as well as the chosen topic. Literary reviews are stylistically closer to essays.

newspaper style

The appearance of the first English newspapers dates back to the 17th century. The earliest English periodical is the Weekly News, first published in May 1622. The first English newspapers were only a means of disseminating information; comments appeared in them later.

However, by the middle of the 18th century, British newspapers were in many ways reminiscent of modern ones and contained foreign and local news, announcements, advertisements, as well as articles with comments.

Not all materials found in the press are newspaper style. Only materials that perform the function of informing the reader and giving an assessment of the published information can belong to it.

English newspaper style can be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means that are perceived as a separate linguistic unit and serve to inform and instruct the reader. Information in an English newspaper is transmitted through:

brief news articles;
reports;
articles that are purely informative;
advertisements and announcements.

The newspaper seeks to influence public opinion on political and other issues. Elements of evaluation can be seen in the selection and presentation of news; use of specific vocabulary; expressing doubt about the facts; syntactic constructions indicating the reporter's lack of confidence in what was said or his desire to avoid responsibility.

The main means of evaluation and interpretation are the newspaper article and, in particular, the editorial. An editorial is an editorial that is characterized by a subjective presentation of facts. The choice of linguistic elements, for the most part, emotionally colored, is determined by the same goal.

The newspaper style has its own specific vocabulary and is characterized by the extensive use of the following words:

special political and economic terms (president, election);
non-terminological political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);
newspaper cliches (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);
abbreviations (NATO, EEC);
neologisms.

Formal business style

This style is heterogeneous and is represented by the following sub-styles or varieties:

language of legal documentation;
the language of diplomacy;
language of military documentation.

Like other language styles, it has a specific communicative purpose and its own system of interrelated linguistic and stylistic means. The main purpose of this type of communication is to determine the conditions binding the two parties and to reach an agreement between the two contracting parties.

The most general function of the official business style predetermines its features. Its most noticeable feature is a special system of clichés, terms and set expressions, by which it is easy to recognize each of the sub-styles.

In financial documents, we may come across terms such as e xtra revenue, liability. Diplomacy is characterized by such expressions as high contracting parties, memorandum, to ratify an agreement. Examples of legal language: to deal with a case, a body of judges.

All of these sub-styles use abbreviations, conventions, and abbreviations, such as M.P. (Member of Parliament), Ltd (Limited), $. Abbreviations are especially common in military documentation.

They are used not only as symbols, but also as part of the military code. Another feature of this style is the use of words in their direct dictionary meaning. The figurative meaning is not used in it.

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